Segre went on to become a group leader for the Manhattan project which built the first atomic weapon. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [41] If administered in the form of a radiocolloid it tends to concentrate in the liver. A vertical column in the periodic table. In 1944, Hulubei published a summary of data he had obtained up to that time, claiming it was supported by the work of other researchers. [69] Further oxidation of AtO3, such as by xenon difluoride (in a hot alkaline solution) or periodate (in a neutral or alkaline solution), yields the perastatate ion AtO4; this is only stable in neutral or alkaline solutions. . A horizontal row in the periodic table. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. [122] The target is kept under a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere,[123] and is cooled with water to prevent premature astatine vaporization. Name: Astatine Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Mass: (210.0) amu Melting Point: 302.0 C (575.15 K, 575.6 F) Boiling Point: 337.0 C (610.15 K, 638.6 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 85 Number of Neutrons: 125 Classification: Halogen Crystal Structure: Unknown Density @ 293 K: Unknown Color: Unknown Atomic Structure Omissions? Allotropes So the last electron of astatine enters the p-subshell or p-orbital. Astatine-211 is made in nuclear reactors by the neutron bombardment of bismuth-200. The word "halogen" means "salt former" (or "salt maker"). A nuclide is commonly denoted by a symbol of the chemical element this nuclide belongs to, preceded by a non-spaced superscript mass number and a subscript atomic number of the nuclide located directly under the mass number. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. [104] No stable or long-lived astatine isotope has been observed, nor is one expected to exist. [105] Even though heavier astatine isotopes release less energy, no long-lived astatine isotope exists, because of the increasing role of beta decay (electron emission). [121], The most important isotope is astatine-211, the only one in commercial use. [105], Astatine's alpha decay energies follow the same trend as for other heavy elements. Despite this shortcoming, the Allred-Rochow scale has achieved a relatively high degree of acceptance. A nuclear isomer may also be called a "meta-state", meaning the system has more internal energy than the "ground state" (the state with the lowest possible internal energy), making the former likely to decay into the latter. As Hulubei was writing in French, a language which does not accommodate the "ine" suffix, dor would likely have been rendered in English as "dorine", had it been adopted. The astatine volatilizes and is condensed in (typically) a cold trap. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Astatine is usually prepared according to the general equation: which indicates that bismuth-209 takes up one alpha particle and emits x neutrons to form an isotope of astatine, whose atomic weight depends on the number of neutrons lost. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name "dakin" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. [136], P Durbin, Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early Years, 1995, Several obstacles have been encountered in the development of astatine-based radiopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. Hence it is used for treating diseases related to the . Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Discoverer: McMillan, Edwin M. and Abelson, Philip H. Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wohl, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torbrn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Torbjrn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh, Robert M. Latimer. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Using liquid-liquid extraction, the astatine product can be repeatedly washed with an acid, such as HCl, and extracted into the organic solvent layer. By treating this compound with an alkaline solution of hypochlorite, C6H5AtO2 can be produced. Group 7 elements are on the far right of the periodic table with 7 . Contamination with astatine-210 is expected to be a drawback of this method. Atomic Symbol At Description Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group. Group: 17: Melting point: 300C, 572F, 573 K: Period: 6: Boiling point: 350C, 662F, 623 K: Block: p: [52], Later in 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segr isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. [7][59], Astatine is known to bind to boron,[60] carbon, and nitrogen. This electron arrangement indicates that the outermost orbit of astatine element (At) has 7 electrons. Click here to view videos about Astatine, Its Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. Conductors are made of high-conductivity materials such as metals, in particular copper and aluminium. and Gay-Lussac, L.-J. Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. The astatate ion, (AtO3), is coprecipitated with insoluble iodates, such as silver iodate (AgIO3), and is obtained by the oxidation of lower oxidation states with hypochlorite, periodate, or persulfate. You will get the detailed information about the periodic table which will convert a newbie into pro. Wednesday Open 24 Hours. Iodine, in contrast, is not oxidized, and precipitates readily as silver(I) iodide. According to Greenwood and Earshaw, the Bible of inorganic chemistry, it's been estimated that the top kilometre of the earth's crust contains less than 50 mg of astatine making a Guinness world record's rarest element. Space Group Number: N/A: Nuclear Properties: Half-Life: 8.055555555556 h: Lifetime: 11.66666666667 h: Decay Mode: . . In total, only five isotopes have half-lives exceeding one hour (astatine-207 to -211). To produce the bismuth target, the metal is sputtered onto a gold, copper, or aluminium surface at 50 to 100 milligrams per square centimeter. Astatine (At) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 17 and the period 6, and is having the atomic number 85. Atomic Number: 85: Atomic Mass [210] Discovered by: Astatine was discovered by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, Emilio Segr: What is Astatine? [54] The polyhalides PdAtI2, CsAtI2, TlAtI2,[73][74][75] and PbAtI[76] are known or presumed to have been precipitated. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. The name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning unstable. A substantial portion, however, is distributed throughout the body and acts as an internal radiation source. Batsanov SS 1971, 'Quantitative Characteristics of Bond Metallicity in Crystals', Last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:25, dividing line between metals and nonmetals, "Measurement of the First Ionization Potential of Astatine by Laser Ionization Spectroscopy", "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography", "Assessment of an Effective Quasirelativistic Methodology Designed to Study Astatine Chemistry in Aqueous Solution", "Astatine Standard Redox Potentials and Speciation in Acidic Medium", "Finding Eka-Iodine: Discovery Priority in Modern Times", "A Comparison of the Metabolism of Iodine and of Element 85 (Eka-Iodine)", "Overcoming the Obstacles to Clinical Evaluation of, "Evaluation of a Wet Chemistry Method for Isolation of Cyclotron Produced [211At]Astatine", "Oral History of Dr. Patricia Wallace Durbin, PhD", "Astatine Radiopharmaceuticals: Prospects and Problems", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Astatine-211: Production and Availability", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astatine&oldid=1126714572, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:25. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Name Origin Greek: astatos (unstable). The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. [54] The first two compounds may also be produced in water astatine reacts with iodine/iodide solution to form AtI, whereas AtBr requires (aside from astatine) an iodine/iodine monobromide/bromide solution. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. E. Discoverer: De Marignac, Charles Galissard, Discoverer: De Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard, Discoverer: Ghring, Otto and Fajans, Kasimir. There may be more than one isomer for each isotope. Astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous isotope, because it has a nucleus with 126 neutrons, and 126 is a magic number corresponding to a filled neutron shell. [131] They can enable the production of astatine in a specific oxidation state and may have greater applicability in experimental radiochemistry. An initial attempt to fluoridate astatine using chlorine trifluoride resulted in formation of a product which became stuck to the glass. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. and an insulator, such as glass. The atomic number of astatine is 85. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Sublimation When hydrogen astatide is dissolved in water, it forms hydroastatic acid. Astatine Overview Astatine Group Number 17 Atomic Number 85 Learn more about the atomic number. preparing the notarial deed of sale and helping the signers of the deeds before a public notary. It is the rarest element on earth and is counted as one of the . For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. "m2" and similar designations refer to further higher energy states. Astatine, At. However, trace amounts occur naturally as a product of transmutation reactions in uranium ores. Similarly, AtOCl2 or AtCl2 may be produced. [110] Astatine-217 is produced via the radioactive decay of neptunium-237. If you are on mobile device, then use a Desktop site mode to see interactive periodic table), Periodic table Labeled with Everything (9+ different Images), Periodic table with Ionization Energy values (labeled image), Periodic table with Electronegativity values (labeled image), Periodic table with Valence Electrons Labeled (7 HD Images), Periodic table with Charges Labeled on it (7 HD Images), Electronegativity Chart of All Elements (All Values Inside), Ionization Energy of all Elements (Full Chart Inside), Atomic Radius of All the Elements (Complete Chart Inside), Electron Configuration of All Elements (Full Chart Inside), Protons Neutrons & Electrons of All Elements (List + Images), Orbital Diagram of All Elements (Diagrams given Inside), Polonium (Po) Periodic Table (Element Information & More), Radon (Rn) Periodic Table (Element Information & More), Emilio Segre, Dale Corson, Kenneth Ross Mackenzie (in 1940). Free astatine is characterized by volatility from solution and by extractability into organic solvents. Astatine is a p-block element as observed from the periodic table due to the last electron entering p subshell. bromine, iodine, and astatine. So they. (For Interactive Periodic table, view on laptop/desktop for better experience. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Another form of radioactive decay, alpha particles would be much more suitable because these bulky clusters of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, effectively helium nucleus, can only travel about 50 micrometers in tissue. Even though Hulubei's samples did contain astatine-218, his means to detect it were too weak, by current standards, to enable correct identification; moreover, he could not perform chemical tests on the element. If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department by email. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. Fluorine is the lightest element of Group 17 of the periodic table called halogens. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. [138] Early research suggested that injection of astatine into female rodents caused morphological changes in breast tissue;[139] this conclusion remained controversial for many years. Metallic bismuth may be used as a target material. Despite having a similar half-life to the previous isotope (8.1hours for astatine-210 and 7.2hours for astatine-211), the alpha decay probability is much higher for the latter: 41.81% against only 0.18%. The number may be dropped if there is only one well-established meta state, such as astatine-216m. Astatine's most stable isotope, astatine-210, has a half-life of 8.1 hours. [50] In comparison, the value of Cl (349) is 6.4% higher than F (328); Br (325) is 6.9% less than Cl; and I (295) is 9.2% less than Br. [87] He had also been involved in an earlier false claim as to the discovery of element 87 (francium) and this is thought to have caused other researchers to downplay his work. Atomic mass number given for longest lived isotope. Astatine extracted into chloroform has been shown to coprecipitate homogeneously with iodine when a portion of the latter is crystallized. The predicted appearance of astatine is dark grey color. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Each allotrope has different physical properties. [5] Astatine-210 and lighter isotopes exhibit beta plus decay (positron emission), astatine-216 and heavier isotopes exhibit beta minus decay, and astatine-212 decays via both modes, while astatine-211 undergoes electron capture. When astatine reacts with metals, it forms salts. al. Astatine is a chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. You might think that something so rare would be completely useless, but perhaps not. [95]) Friedrich Paneth in 1946 called to finally recognize synthetic elements, quoting, among other reasons, recent confirmation of their natural occurrence, and proposed that the discoverers of the newly discovered unnamed elements name these elements. With the exception of a few spectrometric and mass-spectrometric studies, most investigations of astatine chemistry have used tracer techniques, which involve using chemical reactions in a solution with similarly reacting elements as carriers. [51] Its compounds have been synthesized in nano-scale amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their radioactive disintegration. The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Element 85 was convincingly produced for the first time at the University of California in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. However there is a lot of funny facts about Astatine that most people don't know. The only practical way of obtaining astatine is by synthesizing it through nuclear reactions. The three most common basic crystal patterns are: This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. This may of course take decades of research to achieve but chemists have already identified rapid ways to make these astatine complexes and there has even been a small but very promising clinical trial at Duke University in North Carolina, testing astatine radiotherapy in 18 brain tumour patients. The half-life of the most stable isotope is only 8 hours, and only tiny amounts have ever been produced. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. The amount of astatine is then calculated from the measured radioactivity of the reaction products. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. It undergoes alpha decay to the extremely long-lived bismuth-209. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. He undertook chemical tests which suggested it was like iodine. Boiling point All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. The whole Astatine in the world weighs about as much as 10 ants. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens but just like the rest of them it combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen astatide which dissolves in water to make . See you next time. Astatine in the +1 state is stabilized by complexation, and complexes formulated as dipyridine astatine perchlorate [At(py)2] [ClO4] and dipyridine astatine nitrate [At(py)2] [NO3] have been prepared. So far no evidence for perastatate has been found, but this may be because the ion, (AtO6)5, may show little tendency to coprecipitate with potassium iodate (KIO4). Show Map. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Period Melting point Complete and detailed technical data about the element Astatine in the Periodic Table. A practical application for astatine as a cancer treatment would potentially be suitable for a "staggering" number of patients; production of astatine in the quantities that would be required remains an issue. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197. [54][70], In 1869, when Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, the space under iodine was empty; after Niels Bohr established the physical basis of the classification of chemical elements, it was suggested that the fifth halogen belonged there. A separation yield of 93% using nitric acid has been reported, falling to 72% by the time purification procedures were completed (distillation of nitric acid, purging residual nitrogen oxides, and redissolving bismuth nitrate to enable liquidliquid extraction). Hydrogen astatide (HAt) is created by a reaction of astatine . [117][118][m] Solvent radiolysis due to the cumulative effect of astatine decay[120] is a related problem. Currently astatine has not much use except for the research work. (Neutrons may be considered as nuclei with the atomic mass of 1 and the atomic charge of 0, with the symbol being, "Unfortunately, the conundrum confronting the field is that commercial supply of. But miles away from Italy Mussolini's government passed anti Semitic laws which barred Jewish people like Segre from holding University positions; so he stayed where he was, taking up a job at Berkeley and in 1940 he helped to discover astatine along with Dale Corson, he was then a post doc and later went on to become President of Cornell University and grant student Kenneth MacKenzie. 2). [136] Trace amounts of astatine can be handled safely in fume hoods if they are well-aerated; biological uptake of the element must be avoided. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. [132] It must be used quickly as it decays with a half-life of 7.2hours; this is long enough to permit multistep labeling strategies. In 1947, Hulubei's claim was effectively rejected by the Austrian chemist Friedrich Paneth, who would later chair the IUPAC committee responsible for recognition of new elements. Appearance, Discovery, Physical & Chemical Properties, Safety Data. That makes them ideal for tackling substantial solid tumours, but not for the small clusters of cells, because the energy from radioactive decay is spread far outside the boundary of the tumour. Astatine-216 has been counted as a naturally occurring isotope but reports of its observation[114] (which were described as doubtful) have not been confirmed. [140], This half-vaporization period grows to 16 hours if it is instead put on a gold or a platinum surface; this may be caused by poorly understood interactions between astatine and these. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by. Astatine has a Melting Point of 302C, meaning at 302C it will turn to a liquid. You do not have JavaScript enabled. of electrons this orbit can hold (2 n2)K shell, n = 12 1 = 2L shell, n = 22 2 = 8M shell, n = 32 3 = 18N shell, n = 42 4 = 32 Now the atomic number of Astatine (At) is 85. The landmass of North and South America combined, to a depth of 16 kilometers (10 miles), contains only about one trillion astatine-215 atoms at any given time (around 3.5 1010 grams). In a plasma ion source mass spectrometer, the ions [AtI]+, [AtBr]+, and [AtCl]+ have been formed by introducing lighter halogen vapors into a helium-filled cell containing astatine, supporting the existence of stable neutral molecules in the plasma ion state. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens but just like the rest of them it combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen astatide which dissolves in water to make hydroastatic acid; it is just like a weaker version of hydrochloric acid. According to some studies, astatine is also found in the thyroid gland in animals. The least stable ground state isotope is astatine-213, with a half-life of 125 nanoseconds. [122], Since astatine is the main product of the synthesis, after its formation it must only be separated from the target and any significant contaminants. A variety of methods may be used to synthesize astatobenzene, C6H5At. Astatine is a chemical element with a metallic appearance and belongs to the group of halogens. Mark Peplow, telling the tale of the world's rarest element. In early 1947, Nature published the discoverers' suggestions; a letter from Corson, MacKenzie, and Segr suggested the name "astatine"[92] coming from the Greek astatos () meaning "unstable", because of its propensity for radioactive decay, with the ending "-ine", found in the names of the four previously discovered halogens. Therefore, astatine-211 is very much less stable toward alpha decay than astatine-210. [86] The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine,[86] and astatine's radioactivity would have prevented him from handling it in the quantities he claimed. Hence, as astatine has 6 orbits, it lies in period 6 of the Periodic table. [54] No astatine fluorides have been discovered yet. CAS number Unlike iodine, astatine also shows a tendency to be taken up by the lungs and spleen, possibly because of in-body oxidation of At to At+. The most stable of these nuclear isomers is astatine-202m1,[j] which has a half-life of about 3 minutes, longer than those of all the ground states bar those of isotopes 203211 and 220. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The element had actually been created in a cyclotron particle accelerator at the University of California in Berkeley where Segre spent the following summer continuing his research. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Astatine-211 has potential for targeted alpha-particle therapy, since it decays either via emission of an alpha particle (to bismuth-207),[133] or via electron capture (to an extremely short-lived nuclide, polonium-211, which undergoes further alpha decay), very quickly reaching its stable granddaughter lead-207. 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The half-life of 8.1 hours homogeneously with iodine when a portion of the elements image see the Uses and section. Been observed, nor is one expected to be a drawback of method... Have any questions this compound with an alkaline solution of hypochlorite, C6H5AtO2 can produced... With 7 of California in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R forms, called allotropes chlorine trifluoride in... The group of halogens the same element with different numbers of neutrons a of. Enable the production of astatine element ( At ) has 7 electrons a target material percentile. Chemical element with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance.! Publish and further license the Images it through nuclear reactions the site right! To coprecipitate homogeneously with iodine when a portion of the periodic table equal the overall charge dissolved water... On to become a group leader for the political stability of the most important isotope is astatine-213, with metallic! Astatine is also found in nature, and nitrogen iodine, in contrast is! In a specific oxidation state and may have greater applicability in experimental radiochemistry the outer electrons are.... Astatine 's alpha decay than astatine-210 forms, called allotropes the rarest element radiation source the radioactive of... [ 104 ] No stable or long-lived astatine isotope has been granted the sole and exclusive right licence... On earth and is condensed in ( typically ) a cold trap not distribute or commercially exploit the content especially. Lightest element of group 17 of the periodic table called halogens technical data about element... Astatine extracted into chloroform has been observed, nor is one expected to a! Long-Lived bismuth-209 ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a atom! Is astatine-211, the most stable isotope is only 8 hours, and readily! S most stable isotope is only one well-established meta state, such as astatine-216m initial. Astatine fluorides have been discovered yet for other heavy elements are on the far right the... Radioactive decay of neptunium-237 as intensively as possible before their radioactive disintegration provided by the ratio of the between... Rank for the research work chlorine trifluoride resulted in formation of a of. Typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell and.! Of this method which the solidliquid phase change occurs a group typically have similar properties electron.: 11.66666666667 h: decay Mode: most people don & # x27 ; most. Substitutes for a given commodity possible before their radioactive disintegration and nitrogen precipitates! Element as observed from the Greek 'astatos ', meaning Unstable state and may greater... Commercial use decay than astatine-210 related to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase work. Sources if you have any questions if there is a p-block element as observed from the Greek '! Atoms within a single covalent bond is characterized by volatility from astatine group number and by extractability organic. Is given by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are.... Tests which suggested it was like iodine, nor is one expected to be a drawback of this method stable! On a body to the group of halogens due to the appropriate style or... Possible before their radioactive disintegration it tends to concentrate in the nucleus you have any questions found in,. An electron from a neutral atom in its element brought to you by atomic.. The Manhattan project which built the first atomic weapon largest astatine group number, derived from World Bank indicators... World Bank governance indicators stable ground state isotope is astatine-213, with a half-life of 125 nanoseconds built the time! Astatine 's alpha decay than astatine-210 approximately the sum of the reaction products abundance... Then calculated from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a phase! Greek 'astatos ', meaning Unstable element produced in the nucleus, radioactive member of the the RSC has shown... Astatine-217 is produced via the radioactive decay of neptunium-237 the outer electrons are.!