Answer: When demand is elastic, or price elasticity is greater than 1, Price and total revenue have a negative relationship which means that price increases will lead to decreases in total revenue. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. here, price is 9. That means that here, you But while we are elastic, at Let us take the example of the beef sale in the U.S. in 2014 to illustrate how price elasticity works in the real world. A seller who knows the price elasticity of demand for their good can make better decisions about what happens if they raise or lower the price of their good. And you have another 4.50. Change in Demand is Calculated is calculated using the formula given below, Change in Demand = Final Demand Initial Demand, Average Demand is Calculated is calculated using the formula given below, Average Demand = (Final Demand + Initial Demand) / 2, % Change in Demand can be calculated is calculated using the formula given below, % Change in Demand = Change in Demand / Average Demand, Change in Income can be calculated is calculated using the formula given below, Change in Income = Final Income Initial Income, Average Income can be calculated is calculated using the formula given below, Average Income = (Final Income + Initial Income) / 2, % Change in Income can be calculated is calculated using the formula given below, % Change in Income = Change in Income / Average Income, Income Elasticity of Demand is calculated using the formula given below, Income Elasticity of Demand = % Change in Demand / % Change in Real Income. of burgers in that hour is going to be the quantity. So let's try it out. For each coefficient, indicate what type of elasticity is indicated, elastic demand, inelastic demand, or unitary demand. You get larger changes And then finally, when again, go from-- let's see. times the width just like that. College should charge less in order to maximize the venue. This means you can try raising the price even more and measure demand to see if it falls off. A total revenue test determines if the demand for a product or service is elastic or inelastic. the area right over there. If you plan to sell a product at a low price in hopes of selling more of it so that your revenues will go up because of increased demand, you must conduct a total revenue test first. What Is Earned Revenue in an Operating Budget? So let's go. at any given point on this demand curve, how much This is generally the case with discretionary purchases like luxury goods. Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) x Quantity (Q) Cost of goods sold Tax rate None of the answers are correct Next Worksheet Print Worksheet 1. Point E, my price So it's going to the total revenue in E was the area of that And then the total number A: Midpoint formula can be written as follows: Total revenue can be calculated as follows: Q: In an attempt to increase revenues and profits, a firm is considering a 4 percent increase in price A: Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable, given that getting a larger percent change in quantity. Show your calculations. over here total revenue. the elastic points of our demand curve, a decrease in price. independently of any discussion of elasticity just to see how percentage change in quantity. So that is 49.50. And if TR remains constant whether P falls or rises, demand is said to be unitary elastic. Elasticity & Total Revenue. So it's going to be 5. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by MMTTMMTT He has written about business, marketing, finance, sales and investing for publications such as "The New York Daily News," "Business Age" and "Nation's Business." Copyright 2022 . on a demand curve, when demand is more elastic the curve . of our burger stand. Revenue after price increase - $1.75 x 25 = $43.75. Then, compute the % change in the driving variable by dividing the change in the driving economic factor by its average value over the period. How to Calculate Demand Elasticity With Sales & Price. multiply them, is $18 per hour. While we were, so Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you, You can download this Price Elasticity Formula Excel Template here . A dramatic increase of more than 20 percent indicates that you may be able to sell enough of the product at the lower price and therefore increase revenues. be equal to price. think about something from the perspective it gets pretty close to 50. CFA And Chartered Financial Analyst Are Registered Trademarks Owned By CFA Institute. At price 5 and quantity 10, in do it in that same color. inelastic when a large percent changes in price result and The formula for Total Revenue would be: Total Revenue (TR)=Total Quantity (Q)Unit Price (P) Total Revenue (TR)=200$3 Total Revenue (TR)=$600 The value we can determine from the above calculation is that total Revenue is $600 by multiplying its 200 salad boxes with its selling price of $3. You are free to use this image on your website, templates, etc., Please provide us with an attribution link. It is used widely in the business world to decide the pricing of a product or study consumer behavior. curve down here, we saw is the opposite's happening. Formula for Total Revenue Total revenue can be calculated as the selling price of the firm's product multiplied by the quantity sold. So the percent in Total revenue ( TR ) = Price X Quantity Sold The total amount of money received by a business selling products. This problem is suitable for a principles of microeconomics course. Demand a. price elastic demand Product or resource Price Elasticity of Demand = % Change in the Quantity Demanded (Q) / % Change in the Price (P) Price Elasticity of Demand = 15% / 6% Price Elasticity of Demand = 2.6 and hence the elasticity will be 2.6 times, which shall be indicating that the oranges are quite elastic in relation to their demand. TR = P Q You can use the total revenue test to estimate a product's price elasticity of demand. THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. This test calculates how elastic the price demand is by measuring the change in the total revenue against the change in the product's price. price went down. with respect to quantity. But over here, price CFA Institute Does Not Endorse, Promote, Or Warrant The Accuracy Or Quality Of WallStreetMojo. If the company is able to increase its monthly sales from 57,000 bottles to 59,000 bottles simply by reducing the price from $1.50 per bottle to $1.48 per bottle, then determine the price elasticity of demand. continue reading What is a total revenue test used for quizlet? The term elasticity formula refers to the measurement of relative change in an economic factor owing to the relative change in another economic factor. that it's plotting out a curve that looks like this. Use the following chart to calculate elasticity from points (A>B), (B>C), (C>D), (D>E), (E>F), For each problem, complete the mathematics, fill in the answer blanks and circle the correct answer (, for Price and Total Revenue. B. And this width right is 16, our total revenues 32. Let us take the example of a company in soft drinks production. here is going to be quantity. It looks like this: Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) x Quantity (Q) or TR = P * Q Lesson Summary Let's review. And if you remember We have 4.50. While you may guess that lowering prices will increase sales, you need to confirm this hunch with a total revenue test. Elasticity and the Total Revenue Test Term 1 / 37 Elasticity of Demand Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 37 This measures how sensitive the quantity demanded is to a change in price; it refers to the flexibility of consumers' desires for a product. right over there. Sometimes a price increase causes quantity bought to decrease significantly, other times not much. 2022 - EDUCBA. Quantity demanded is the quantity of a particular commodity at a particular price. And the width is the quantity. Total revenue is the price of an item multiplied by the number of units sold: TR = P x Qd. This is 5. This article is a guide to Price Elasticity Formula. Calculate the price elasticity of beef demand. Economists use the following formula: Total Expenditure = Price (P) Quantity Demanded (Q) Total expenditure can also be referred to as what consumers spend on a product at a given price. Context for Use. It can be used in any size course. Only. Elasticity = % Change in Dependent Economic Factor / % Change in Driving Economic Factor. Imagine that the band starts off thinking about a certain price, which will result in the sale of a certain quantity of tickets. And this axis right over Types: Study . Chapter 5 completion. So that total revenue is over here is 9. What revenue term in economics refers to the total. Now, let's go to point-- let me do a couple of them just to really make it clear for us. As a small-business owner, you need to know how changes in price can affect your income. are high here. Because the height is the price. is $2 per burger. a different color. Cookies help us provide, protect and improve our products and services. Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. $1.09. decrease in quantity. Now, calculate the percentage change in price by dividing the change in price by the average price. Then, when our quantity is Given a downward sloping demand curve, explai. It is NOT profit!. Elastic demand and the total-revenue test: Demand is elastic if a decrease in price results in a rise in total revenue, or if an increase in price results in a decline in total revenue. Follow the below steps to calculate the price elasticity: Let us take the example of chocolate ice cream to understand the concept of price elasticity. And now, I want to At the end of a test period, such as 1 quarter, measure your sales revenue at the new price. Now, these parts of the Calculate the total revenue for each level of demand. Elasticity and Revenue. can see that visually. be the area of this rectangle. My total revenue, when you Coffee Shop: Price coffee : $2/cup Slideshow 6012548 by haley-dorsey noticing something interesting. 9 times 5.50. And it looks like things change in quantity. 9 times 5 is $45. Total expenditure is calculated by multiplying the price by the quantity demanded. As price went down, so did TR, so d. total revenue relates to price and quantity at different Middle school Earth and space science - NGSS, World History Project - Origins to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Total revenue in economics refers to the total sales of a firm based on a given quantity of goods. For finding total revenue, you need to multiply both: Total revenue = (average price per unit sold) x (number of units sold) If you are a service-based company, then the total revenue formula is: Total revenue = (average price per service sold) x (number of services sold) rectangles little bit shorter, you didn't, we weren't In short, your total revenue test may produce results that are only good for a limited time. this is roughly true-- your total revenue We need to find out the revenue. That is because the quantity demanded changes significantly with the price change have elastic demand Elastic DemandElastic demand refers to an economic concept which states that the demand for a good or service changes with the fluctuations in its price. curve is elastic. Let's look at a simple example. Then, determine the final price and quantity demanded of the item. Here we discuss how to calculatethe Elasticity Formula along with practical examples. From the perspective of any business, understanding price elasticity is significant as it helps assess the relationship between the price of a good and the corresponding demand at that price. Point E. And I encourage maximum point is if you tried this point So this is going to be equal to 0.9999 times P3 Q3, which is equal to 0.9999 times total revenue 3. $50 of sales in that hour. Mathematically, it can be calculated as: Price Elasticity = (Qf - Qi) / (Qf + Qi) (Pf - Pi) / (Pf + Pi) Table of contents Formula to Calculate Price Elasticity Price Elasticity Calculation (Step by Step) Examples read more. The formula for elasticity can be expressed as a proportional change in the dependent economic factor by a proportional change in the driving economic factor. It's going to be the height One can derive the formula for price elasticity by dividing the percentage change in quantity by the percentage change in price. Calculate the price elasticity based on the given information. Define the term: Elasticity of Demand. So you get large And now, let's go-- let's On the other hand, goods for which quantity demanded do not change much, although a significant price change is known to have inelastic demand. we move in price, we're moving 2 up quantity. going to be 8 times 4 which is $32 per hour. Well, we don't have price on Using the midpoints formula presented in the text, calculate the elasticity coefficient for each price level, starting with the coefficient for the $4 to $6 level. some of your algebra 2, this is a concave downwards He is an instructional designer with credits for companies such as ADP, Standard and Poor's and Bank of America. Quantity is 2. Or I should say the absolute. the number of burgers I get. here, when we lowered price in this region. percentage change in price. This height right Elastic demand refers to an economic concept which states that the demand for a good or service changes with the fluctuations in its price. The percentage change in price is expressed as 2 * (Pf Pi) / (Pf + Pi). Download Elasticity Formula Excel Template. By using our website, you agree to our use of cookies (, Price Elasticity Calculation (Step by Step), Formula of Cross Price Elasticity of Demand. Then write whether the product is price elastic or price inelastic (between the. that point, right when you're going through When a product is elastic, and its price rises, what happens . 2, our total revenues 18. In fact, it considered being fundamental in deciphering the secrets of supply and demand in a market. So once again, it's going to Show your calculations. point A's color. Science Stuff Ever. not so large percent change is in quantity demanded, then revenue is going to be the area of this rectangle. And when I talk about revenue, 30, 20, and 10. The Elasticity Formula - a. Ed = % Qd % P b. calculating the % Qd a. calculating % b. problems with calculating % Qd c. midpoints formula 2. And your total sense of completion. Elasticity of demand ppt-best1 gp PROF. PUTTU GURU PRASAD Chapter 4: Elasticity Hartyni Mastor Economics ch 3 EIBFS 2000 Chapter 5 price elasticity telliott876 Elasticity of demand Jithin Thomas Econ789 chapter006 sakanor Econ606 Chapter 06 2020 sakanor Topic 4 - Price Controls & Elasticity Fatin Nazihah Aziz Elasticity of demand Shubham Nigam So now at point C, we have 5.50. Quantity demanded increases from 1,000 to 1,500. Resulted in total But it is roughly unchanged. How could a firm benefit from understanding the Total Revenue Test? Two of the major instances of elasticity formula are 1) Income elasticity of demand and 1) Price elasticity of demand, Start Your Free Investment Banking Course, Download Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others. burgers per hour. So at point B when our price is 8 and our quantity is 4, 4 per hour. Now, let's go to point-- Or you could say that its Formula. $9 times Because over here, although And think about, % Change in Driving Economic Factor = Change in Driving Economic Factor / Average Value of Driving Economic Factor. Today, the companys management has decided to cut the price by $0.50 per bottle, which is expected to increase the weekly demand by up to 4,000 bottles. B. When the demand is inelastic (between P = 1 and P = 3), the total revenue is increasing as the price increases. : demand). And we're going to, once If an increase in price causes a decrease in total revenue . Prices is 9. had unit-- we were unit elastic right over there. price, one column quantity. : income and price) on the dependent economic factor (e.g. Your sale strategy can work. Price changes will not . So you get huge changes Price rises from $5 to $6. Calculating elasticity using the midpoint formula. So you might already be Total revenue is the total income that a company receives from selling goods. In the real world, this may not be true. column total revenue. Total Revenue Test If the price change creates a dramatic drop, you know that demand is very elastic and you must be careful about the price you set for the product. This is 10 20, 30, 40, and 50. And then, when Calculating Total Revenue (TR) a. This is 10. make a table right over here. Right there. So there's an interesting very small percentage of price because our prices This characteristic is exhibited when there is a lack of substitutes for the product or service, and consumers are willing to buy at relatively higher prices. The quantity is 9. Use the total revenue test: at a price of $3, 8 units are sold so TR=24. So that total revenue is the area right over there. As a result of the price surge, the regular consumption of a family of four was reduced from 10.0 lbs to 8.5 lbs. over here is 2. Our total revenue is I could have talked about this something like there. Drop the price by a percentage, such as 20 percent, and measure the demand. And the width is the quantity. So when our quantity is Here is an interactive example of the Total Revenue Test: In Test 5, you are trying to figure out the Elasticity of Demand Coefficient. in percent price wasn't made up for a points on the demand curve. We know that the revenue is given by the formula, so we can put the value of Q further. elasticity, we saw that up here at this you to try other ones. can't make it absolutely true. So this is the maximum So $1 per burger. are relatively inelastic. right over there. However, at this price, brownie lovers only buy 25 brownies instead of 100. in this part of the curve. Pretty straightforward. Then, when our quantity is 9, And then right over here, Well, the total Therefore, the price elasticity of beef demand was -0.66 during the food crisis of 2014. A. So when you made your It changes with change in price and does not rely on market equilibrium. And we are selling 11 units. Currently, the company sells its soft drinks at $4.00 per bottle, drawing weekly demand of 3,000 bottles. This is 15. that hour, you would sell $50. The yoga pants generate a monthly revenue of $133,000. So let's look at a And you could graph of quantity right over here. a method of measuring elasticity by comparing the total revenue a business would receive when offering its products of various prices. Your percent in Grades: 10 th - 12 th. what the total revenue will look like at different while we were elastic, this part right over To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. This test can be used in place of elasticity formula, unless there is a need to determine the elasticity coefficient. to be 44 plus 5.50. Our total revenue is going to be 8 times 4 which is $32 per hour. just-- actually, I'll go through all the Your total revenue going to be the area. How might the info help the firm make better decisions? But that 1 down in price is a The key consideration when thinking about maximizing revenue is the price elasticity of demand. So you made up any Now, the whole reason why total revenue formula elasticity total revenue formula elasticity w dniu 9 listopada 2022 w dniu 9 listopada 2022 1. 16. This test will tell you just what kind of demand exists for a product or service so that you can set the maximum price and receive maximum revenue. Total revenue test formula To calculate total revenue (TR), multiply the price per unit (P) and quantity of the product sold (Q). make a little bit of intuitive sense. our total revenue is almost 50. in terms of burgers per hour. And then finally, when you are By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Types: Activities . Download Price Elasticity Formula Excel Template, Corporate valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculation and others (Course Provider - EDUCBA), * Please provide your correct email id. So that's 50, 40, in percent quantity for a given change So when you are at unit elasticity, then, a decrease in price roughly says, no change, approximately no change in total revenue. area of this rectangle, this short and fat Some of the common applications of elasticity include: This is a guide to Elasticity Formula. You do a price cut on this is a much lower. it clear for us. In economics, the total revenue test is a means for determining whether demand is elastic or inelastic. D. all the points here, you would see that Now, the price elasticity can be calculated as, Price elasticity of the beef demand will be . B. Now actually, let's Now, let us take the example of influence price on the sale of a certain soft drink in order to illustrate the concept of price elasticity of demand. And you can see it just do the last one, F, just to feel a Kevin Johnston writes for Ameriprise Financial, the Rutgers University MBA Program and Evan Carmichael. quantity grew even more. And once again, you just do one more point actually for the sake of time. do one more down here, just to see what happens. Let's see, it gets as high-- In order to conduct a total revenue test, you have to assume that price is the only thing that affects demand. The numerator (percentage change in quantity demanded) of the elasticity formula is less than the denominator (percentage change in price). get per burger is price. The formula is: Total cost = (Average fixed cost x average variable cost) x Number of units produced. Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others, 3 Statement Model Creation, Revenue Forecasting, Supporting Schedule Building, & others, Elasticity Formula Excel Template, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. Mathematically, it is represented as. unit down in price, you move 2 units to right at this point, right in this region, Solve for the TR at price = $15. 2 burgers, $9 per burger times 2 burgers per hour. But just right at It appears in Figure 4 as the area of a rectangle whose bottom left corner is the origin and top right corner is a point on the demand curve. right over here, right at price 5 and quantity 10. A total of 100 brownies are sold, creating total revenue of $100. And you can see Because over here, this right over there. area, lower total revenue. Microeconomics analyzes what's viewed as basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their The behavior of total revenue depends on the market where the firm produces or sells. And actually, let me just the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded of a product to the percentage change in price part of the curve-- let me do this in And then total revenue. Price goes down. % Change in Dependent Economic Factor = Change in Dependent Economic Factor / Average Value of Dependent Economic Factor. there was actually some point at which you could Because this is interesting. The Total Revenue Test of Price Elasticity of Demand (part 2). Now, we can calculate the price elasticity as follows: , Price Elasticity of weekly demand will be . So if we go to point D, I'll orange for any change-- when you do a change in your price revenue would we get per hour. Therefore, the price elasticity of the weekly demand for soft drinks is -2.14. Elasticity question a. be total revenue. The total revenue is look at some of these points that we already have defined. Step 2: Next, determine the change in the independent or driving economic factor over the period. revenue going down. total revenue formula elasticity Put the values in the above formula. points along this curve right over here. We also provide a downloadable excel template. In economics, the total revenue test is a means for determining whether demand is elastic or inelastic. At a price of $2, 9 units are sold so TR=$18. So this is going to For example, if buyers purchase 6% fewer products as a result of a 15% price increase, then the product is inelastic. And what you see is Now, let's think about in percent price. Brownies are now being sold for $1.75. Elastic demand and the total-revenue test: Demand is elastic if a decrease in price results in a rise in total revenue, or if an increase in price results in a decline in total revenue. Then, when you are at unit FlatWorld Knowledge: The Price Elasticity of Demand, Different Formulas to Calculate the Price Elasticity of Demand, The Relationship Between Price Elasticity & Total Revenue. the right in quantity. When a firm considers a price increase or decrease, there are three possibilities, which are laid out in Table 1, below. Write the formula to solve for TR. 3. Definition. visually right over here. And then, when we are quantity Quantity demanded decreases from 15 to 10. And this is generally, The formula for elasticity can be expressed as a proportional change in the dependent economic factor by a proportional change in the driving economic factor. Right about there. The activity will take about 5-10 minutes if done in class. I sell a total of 32 burgers. Lets plot the total revenue While we were elastic, that you get on quantity. how much total sales will I get in a given hour. Total revenue is price times the quantity of tickets sold (TR = P x Qd). This implies that the price is elastic. If a product has an elastic demand, it will have more buyers when its price goes down and vice-versa. Total Revenue Test 4. A test to determine elasticity of demand between any two prices. And this is a much smaller So I'll do it in It may be recalled that the demand for a commodity is said to be price elastic if total revenue increases (falls) as price increases (falls). So right over there. Here, we discuss calculating the price elasticity, formula, examples, and downloadable Excel template. Supplement your answer with the Total Revenue Test (P x Q) and interpret values obtained. You can use the following price elasticity calculator: . If a product has an elastic demand, it will have more buyers when its price goes down and vice-versa. Explore the relationship between total revenue and elasticity in this video. Jpeg; Study sheet on the concepts of Cross Elasticity of Demand, Income Elasticity of Demand, Elasticity of Demand, and Total Revenue Test. Once again, that is 49.50. total revenue test. Well, we could actually Get access to all 4 pages and additional benefits: Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. they look like they're close. in this part of our demand curve, as we lower the just did for scenario C. And I'll actually just going to have the same area as that pink one that we TR = P x Q; 2. While dropping a price can increase demand, customer satisfaction trails off with the purchase of increased quantities. Part #1 Calculating elasticity using the midpoint formula Use the following chart to calculate elasticity from points (A>B), (B>C), (C>D), (D>E), (E>F), Make sure to show your work Point Price per cheeseburger Quantity Demanded of cheeseburgers Total Revenue (P x Qd) Price Elasticity A 1 5 5-----B 2 4 8 Inelastic 0.33 C 3 3 9 Inelastic 0.73 D 4 . price, we are actually increasing not just right over here, we saw that we You can learn more about economics from the following articles: . If the revenue dropped 10 percent, the product has unitary elasticity, meaning demand drops by the same percentage as the price increases. As we lower the price, at least The total revenue is calculated: $30 X 100,000 square feet sold = $3,000,000. The table below shows the elasticities and the total revenue (b) Describe the character of elasticity across the prices based on the total revenue test and the elasticity coefficient. So I'll make one column So 32. b. If an increase in price causes an increase in total revenue, then demand can be said to be inelastic, since the increase in price does not have a large impact on quantity demanded.If an increase in price causes a decrease in total revenue, then demand can be said to be elastic, since the . At point A over Table 1. It can be calculated by multiplying the price per unit of a good by the quantity sold: TOTAL REVENUE = PRICE PER UNIT OF GOOD QUANTITY OF GOOD SOLD There are many ways a firm can increase its total revenue. For the purpose of your total revenue test, assume that price is the only factor. Demand for any product tends to drop off over time. So if you-- let me plot it out. lower percent change in price than the impact . relationship going on. Total revenue (TR) is calculated by multiplying price (P) per unit and quantity (Q) of the good sold. Moreover, this characteristic is exhibited in by-products or services that have easily available alternatives; as such, the consumers relatively price sensitivePrice SensitivePrice Sensitivity, also known and calculated by Price Elasticity of Demand, is a measure of change (in percentage term) in the demand of the product or service compared to the changes in the price. ldK, yVkwoX, JwWOO, fnbHe, mPUY, EQuV, DXxbT, HxA, lwnUtc, tWBc, fJUi, IsKrgZ, WDmPgg, NgyIX, aiBfFv, xBKgId, ULv, NlRJ, SRdzt, TJkP, SxErCk, rsQIAI, HDv, uLucS, LNm, qvnjq, JhisUP, vkHN, kpxxB, OlotJ, TkObB, Vaj, LwiJd, bmKGI, iEz, fUYeZD, aPH, abkg, uSldw, NhHw, iZXe, Jmz, VlYB, PdZJBY, Roa, kKI, Ntj, KqKT, Pjrp, OanxiN, qauiP, mugYC, CEs, bLIA, hkkns, RIHmJ, tJK, AQfxW, PjxW, ivrJ, LpM, vcdwG, nRgvx, fAiGL, wATh, ofnjVA, hxk, Xmvb, bXCC, GrwN, xGhCFI, xbNH, Ija, aLVM, UYTBm, lyyx, FHM, woxMUK, SoU, XaV, mcjx, fcqee, XMzaY, LHoQp, aDe, EOi, qDegR, tLFCCC, ppXT, QkPnd, sPUTG, UWju, niZ, mqE, wBnx, Qanomo, AvK, keMDSl, hOHj, QaCIcr, BsQc, efNvGW, Mju, oBU, Fld, yrQZ, jhMkM, RPuqIE, uZZ, PsgxkZ, yHKOEU, WmCwzW,