National Teacher's College. When the package hit the ground the inner sack would rupture while the outer one kept the contents intact. Moreover, they can be the patrons of large kin-based, ethnic or localized segments of society, as shown by the four deities presiding over the four wards of the town of Itzamkanac;[87] the Popol Vuh Triad of lineage gods (Tohil, Hacavitz, Avilix); and probably also by the Palenque Triad (G[God] I, II, and III) and its Classic Period analogues elsewhere. Alacacin, C. (1952). [171] In Mexico City there are commemorations of Aztec rulers, including on the Mexico City Metro, line 1, with stations named for Moctezuma II and Cuauhtemoc. When you join InnerCamp, you become part of something bigger! Bruce Love, 'Yucatec Sacred Breads Through Time'. When the International Congress of Americanists was formed in Nancy, France in 1875, Mexican scholars became active participants, and Mexico City has hosted the biennial multidisciplinary meeting six times, starting in 1895. [120] On 23 October the Biafran official radio declared in a broadcast that Ojukwu promised to continue resisting the federal government, and that he attributed the loss of Enugu to subversive actions. Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 124. STEP 2: When everyone arrives and all the couples are ready to play, have the wives leave the playing area. In response to the Nigerian government using foreigners to lead some advances, the Biafran government also began hiring foreign mercenaries to extend the war. In some cases, they did so in quite a direct fashionAfrica Concern, for example, established its own telex service to send up-to-date reports to the major Irish media outlets straight from west Africa, and in so doing had a considerable influence on the news agenda.". Schebesta, P. (1952). In the Aburi Accord, finally signed at Aburi, Ghana, the parties agreed that a looser Nigerian federation would be implemented. Today, Aztec images and Nahuatl words are often used to lend an air of authenticity or exoticism in the marketing of Mexican cuisine. [116], Enugu became the hub of secession and rebellion, and the Nigerian government believed that once Enugu was captured, the drive for secession would end. Santiago, Luciano P. R. (2005). Hinilawod: Adventures of Humadapnon, chanted by Hugan-an and recorded by Dr. F. Landa Jocano, Metro Manila: 2000, Punlad Research House. Nobles made up about five percent of the population. Hence the term applied to all those peoples who claimed to carry the heritage from this mythical place. In the 1860s, when the French established the Second Mexican Empire under Maximilian of Habsburg, the Mexican flag retained the emblematic eagle and cactus, with elaborate symbols of monarchy. He says that the SDECE gave the French press precise information about Biafran casualties and civilian losses, and that. A Commission led by Sir Jeremy Raisman and Ronald Tress determined that resource royalties would now enter a "Distributable Pools Account" with the money split between different parts of government (50% to region of origin, 20% to federal government, 30% to other regions). When its pre-Hispanic antecedents are taken into account, however, traditional Maya religion has already existed for more than two and a half millennia as a recognizably distinct phenomenon. [133][134][135] After the fall of Tenochtitlan, Aztec warriors were enlisted as auxiliary troops alongside the Spanish Tlaxcalteca allies, and Aztec forces participated in all of the subsequent campaigns of conquest in northern and southern Mesoamerica. The Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco soon expelled the Mexica from Chapultepec. Particularly famous monumental rock sculpture includes the so-called Aztec "Sunstone" or Calendarstone discovered in 1790; also discovered in 1790 excavations of the Zcalo was the 2.7-meter-tall (8.9ft) Coatlicue statue made of andesite, representing a serpentine chthonic goddess with a skirt made of rattlesnakes. Mexican scholars such as Alfredo Chavero helped shape the cultural image of Mexico at these exhibitions. [57], Commoners were able to obtain privileges similar to those of the nobles by demonstrating prowess in warfare. [150] French-aligned Gabon and Ivory Coast recognised Biafra in May 1968. In another myth, Huitzilopochtli defeats and dismembers his sister the lunar deity Coyolxauhqui and her four hundred brothers at the hill of Coatepetl. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. After the defeat of the French and their Mexican collaborators, the Mexican Republic was re-established, and the flag returned to its republican simplicity. [90] Other mammals function as musicians. [45][46][43], In 1469, the next ruler was Axayacatl (lit. Mansaka Forms of Oral Literature. "The prolific independent scholar Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe is perhaps the most outspoken articulator of this paradigm, which also depicts the Nigerian state as a prison house of nations, especially for the Igbo.". Far Eastern University Faculty Journal, Volume 12. Holy Angel University. Rituals & Ceremonies: Death Ceremonies. Roy Doron, "Marketing genocide: Biafran propaganda strategies during the Nigerian civil war, 196770". [34][106] The Nigerian soldiers who were supposed to defend the MidWestern state were mostly Igbo from that state and, while some were in touch with their Biafran counterparts, others resisted the invasion. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. An Aztec polychrome vessel typical of the Cholula region, A life-size ceramic sculpture of an Aztec eagle warrior, Flag of the First Mexican Empire, 18211822, Flag of the Second Mexican Empire, 18641867, Central Mexico in the classic and postclassic, Mexica migration and foundation of Tenochtitlan, Final Aztec rulers and the Spanish conquest, Social and political continuity and change, The Aztecs and Mexico's national identity, Aztec history and international scholarship. Vertically, the sky is divided into thirteen layers, and Classic period deities are sometimes linked to one of the thirteen skies. From the multitude of deity names occurring in early-colonial sources (and especially in the medical 'Rituals of the Bacabs'), about twenty have been linked to deity figures from the three Postclassic hieroglyphic books and their correspondences in the corpus of Classic ceramic representations; these have been assigned letter names (Schellhas-Zimmermann-Taube classification). Christian missionaries were excluded from the North, and the area thus remained virtually closed to European cultural influence. Dancel, M. M. (1989). Beyer, H.O. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Magos, Alicia P. 1978. The Biafra side received arms and ammunition from France, even though the French government denied sponsoring Biafra. Garcia, J. N. C. (2008). Current. Limos, M. A. [103] The shortage of experienced officers was a major problem for the Biafran Army, made worse by a climate of paranoia and suspicion within Biafra as Ojukwu believed that other former Federal officers were plotting against him. On April 30, 2020, the California Health Facilities Financing Authority (CHFFA) approved two programs to provide financial assistance to qualifying health facilities in the state of California. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. CABI. E. Floro, 1950. Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). The threat of secession by the AG was tabled, documented and recorded in numerous constitutional conferences, including the constitutional conference held in London in 1954 with the demand that a right of secession be enshrined in the constitution of the emerging Nigerian nation to allow any part of the emergent nation to opt out of Nigeria, should the need arise. In the New Year rites, for example, an opossum traveler introduces the patron of the incoming year. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. p. 52. [5], Offerings serve to establish and renew relations ('contracts', 'pacts', or 'covenants') with the other world, and the choice, number, preparation, and arrangement of the offered items (such as special maize breads,[6] maize and cacao drinks and honey liquor, flowers, incense nodules, rubber figures, and also, cigars[7]) obey to stringent rules. An important pictorial and alphabetic text produced in the early sixteenth century was Codex Mendoza, named after the first viceroy of Mexico and perhaps commissioned by him, to inform the Spanish crown about the political and economic structure of the Aztec empire. The Eastern Region was split into three states: South Eastern State, Rivers State and East Central State. This was largely the result of the epidemics of viruses brought to the continent against which the natives had no immunity. With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. Large HD Tube | Free porn | Mom: 279,613 HD videos Mom All time Last month Last week Long Mom___Son 2 years ago Although the Classic Hero Twins are among the codical deities, the associated Classic Maize Hero (or Tonsured Maize God) seems to be absent. In the North, the colonial government found it convenient to rule indirectly through the Emirs, thus perpetuating rather than changing the indigenous authoritarian political system. The most important source on traditional Maya religion is the Mayas themselves: the incumbents of positions within the religious hierarchy, diviners, and tellers of tales. [216] The televised disaster and the rising NGOs mutually enhanced each other; NGOs maintained their own communications networks and played a significant role in shaping news coverage. Asian Studies. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. In the colonial era, altepetl were renamed cabeceras or "head towns" (although they often retained the term altepetl in local-level, Nahuatl-language documentation), with outlying settlements governed by the cabeceras named sujetos, subject communities. "Sleeping Crocodiles are not Dead: Echoes of The Civil War in Contemporary Niger Delta Poetry. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin (lit. Manila: National Museum. The Ati of Negros and Panay. T'boli Art: in its Socio-Cultural Context, pp. Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala. [124] The Aztec capitol was decorated with elaborate murals. 124125. Shell-BP therefore considered carefully a request by the Federal Government that it refuse to pay the royalties demanded by Biafra. [53] As to the Classic Period king, he appears at times (often period-ending dates)[54] to be scattering blood, incense or, perhaps, maize. The art of painting and writing was known in Nahuatl by the metaphor in tlilli, in tlapalli meaning "the black ink, the red pigment". Ugwueze, Michael I. One mural discovered in Tlateloco depicts an old man and an old woman. 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[77], Aztec society combined a relatively simple agrarian rural tradition with the development of a truly urbanized society with a complex system of institutions, specializations, and hierarchies. [84], The Federal Military Government also laid the groundwork for the economic blockade of the Eastern Region which went into full effect in 1967. Encomiendas were private grants of labor and taxes from particular indigenous communities to particular Spaniards, replacing the Aztec overlords with Spanish. [34] The main collection of ancient Yucatec curing rituals is the so-called Ritual of the Bacabs. [111], Song and poetry were highly regarded; there were presentations and poetry contests at most of the Aztec festivals. In the pre-Hispanic past, sacrifice usually consisted of animals such as deer, dog, quail, turkey, and fish, but on exceptional occasions (such as accession to the throne, severe illness of the ruler, royal burial, or drought and famine) also came to include human beings, adults as well as children. Status was acquired through the ability to arbitrate disputes that might arise in the village, and through acquiring rather than inheriting wealth. [152] In July the government redoubled its efforts to involve the public in a humanitarian approach to the conflict. Among them the site of Tula, Hidalgo, and also city states such as Tenayuca, and Colhuacan in the valley of Mexico and Cuauhnahuac in Morelos. The captives included 14 Italians, 3 West Germans and one Lebanese. 2, No. Tagbanua Heaven. Novellino, D. (2003). Far Eastern University Faculty Journal, Volume 12. He also constructed a fortified garrison at Oztuma defending the border against the Tarascan state. Her vision is to achieve mental health equity for all Australians by developing individualised patient care programs. Level 1. [67], As all Mesoamerican peoples, Aztec society was organized around maize agriculture. Gowon's advisers, to the contrary, felt that he had enacted as much as was politically feasible in fulfilment of the spirit of Aburi. Only a few days earlier, Ojukwu fled into exile by plane to the Ivory Coast, leaving his deputy Philip Effiong to handle the details of the surrender to General Yakubu Gowon of the Federal Army on 13 January 1970. Paterno, M., Castro, S., Javellana, R., Alvina, C. (2001). Ateneo de Manila University. In the Morelos valley, altepetl sizes were somewhat smaller. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Imbing, M. V. L., Viernes-Enriquez, J. Americares: This is a health-focused relief and development organization that responds to people affected by poverty or disaster with life-changing medicine, medical supplies and health programs. The Israeli foreign ministry was determined to establish full diplomatic relations upon that colony's receipt of independence (1 October 1960). The Mexica founded Tenochtitlan on a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco, the inland lake of the Basin of Mexico. Within the social group of the priests at court, it had by Classical times become customary to deify the numbers as well as the basic day-unit, and particularly in the south-eastern kingdoms of Copan and Quirigua to conceive the mechanism of time as a sort of relay or estafette in which the 'burden' of the time-units was passed on from one divine numerical 'bearer' to the next one. Cultural Center of the Philippines. Braakhuis, Edwin, and Kerry Hull, 'Pluvial Aspects of the Mesoamerican Culture Hero: The "Kumix Angel" of the Ch'orti' Mayas and Other Rain-Bringing Heroes'. In the face of sustained opposition by the NCNC delegates, later joined by the NPC and backed by threats to view maintenance of the inclusion of secession by the AG as treasonable by the British, the AG was forced to renounce its position of inclusion of the right of secession a part of the Nigerian constitution. Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). They had a lively awareness of the political system and regarded it as an instrument for achieving their personal goals. Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice; Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse, Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder, Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up, Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world, Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld, Masekn: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail, Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan, Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat, Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it, Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld, Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian, Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder, Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind, Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth, Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth, Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth, Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel, Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel, Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel, Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat, Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters, Betang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a human, Gaek Spirits: spirits in the Gaek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to them, Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things, Buni: possibly the name of the supreme god, Aran: one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things, Abra: an old god who controls the weather; married to Makiling, the elder, Makiling (the elder): the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran, Cabuyaran: the goddess of healing; daughter of Abra and Makiling, the elder; she eloped with Anianihan, Anianihan: the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran, Saguday: the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter's spouse, Revenador: the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter's spouse, Bulan: the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra, Amman: the god of the sun, where the sun is his eye, Makiling (the younger): granddaughter of Makiling, the elder; she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld, Lobo: a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld, Unnamed God: the underworld god who punished Lobo, Sipnget: the goddess of darkness who requested Ang-ngalo to build her a mansion, Asin: ruler of the kingdom of salt, who aided Ang-ngalo in the building of a white mansion, Ocean Deity: the goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang-ngalo and Asin, causing the sea's water to become salty, Apolaki: the name of a deity, which later was used to refer to the supreme deity of Christian converts, Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang, Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control; his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal; he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support, which eventually led to his death, Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light, Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves, Anito: spirits who lurk everywhere; capable of inflicting pain and suffering, or of granting rewards, Gods of the Pistay Dayat: gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods, Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet, Rizal: a culture-hero who, according to tradition, will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedom, Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator, Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari, Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks, Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry, Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements, Anitun Tauo: the goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit, Great Creator: the god who created all things; used to come down and talk to people before the great flood; rules the earth through Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas, and Binangewan, Gutugutumakkan: the supreme deity, possibly the name of the Great Creator. Construction of the terminal and the pipelines, which started during the war, took 18 months and was completed in the middle of 1969. Members must now enter an email address or a text message compatible cell phone number to request a 6 digit security code in order to. The primary purpose is to require creditors to defer payments due on certain types of loans and accounts for the lesser of 180. [76], Another form of distribution of goods was through the payment of taxes. [85] The heroes' actions can belong to a relatively recent past, and be semi-historical, or have occurred in the deep past, and be primeval; but in principle, the heroes can be addressed in prayer, and receive some form of worship. Teresita Alcantara y Antonio. a nurse is caring for a client with panic disorder discuss nursing care of this client. Noceda-Sanclucar (1754). Aztec The Philippine Archipelago: A Tropical Archipelago. The Aztecs were weakened by disease, and the Spanish enlisted tens of thousands of Indian allies, especially Tlaxcalans, for the assault on Tenochtitlan. "In Britain humanitarianism became a vessel through which society could construct a new sense of national purpose; it amounted, in essence, to a benign re-imagining of imperial compassion for a postcolonial world. Beyer, H. O. Similarly, in the pre-Hispanic kingdom of Man, some religious feasts seem to have been sponsored by wealthy and preeminent men,[23] perhaps reflecting a general practice in Postclassic and earlier kingdoms. However, major ritual domains, such as those of agriculture and kingship, are hardly touched upon by Landa. The Mexica supplied the Tepaneca with warriors for their successful conquest campaigns in the region and received part of the tribute from the conquered city states. When the war broke out in 1967, there were still 5,000 Igbos in Lagos. On Thursday, US basketball star Brittney Griner got her freedom in a trade for the USs release of Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout. vii. Maranaw: Dwellers of the Lake. [21] At all levels, access to late Postclassic priesthood seems to have been restricted to the nobility. With special reference to the Asaba Massacre, jurist Emma Okocha described the killings as "the first black-on-black genocide". For eastern Yucatn, a whole taxonomy of ritual sequences has been established,[40] including variable rituals for protecting an area against evil influences (loh), thanksgiving (uhanlikol 'dinner of the maize field'), and imploring the rain deities (ch'a chak). Donoso, Isaac (2016). L.A. Care Health Plan has enabled 2 Factor Authentication effective March 10, 2021, for all members who wish to create an account or who simply want to login to the Member Portal. [123] The executions of officers also made it difficult for the Biafran officers to acquire the necessary experience to conduct military operations successfully as Barua noted the Biafran Army lacked both the "continuity and cohesion" to learn from the war. Page 280. Juan Diego, the Nahua to whom the apparition was said to appear, links the dark Virgin to Mexico's Aztec past. Isneg Tales. [87] Priests and educated upper classes held more monistic views, while the popular religion of the uneducated tended to embrace the polytheistic and mythological aspects. Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). [5][6][7], The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today, especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions, despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non-native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century, and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century. Miller, J. M. (1904). [140][143], Although the Aztec empire fell, some of its highest elites continued to hold elite status in the colonial era. The eagle had a crown, symbolizing the new Mexican monarchy. Gloria Yuen is a risk management evangelist, inclusion leader and culture maker. In the Classic period, earth and sky are visualized as horizontally extended serpents and dragons (often bicephalic, more rarely feathered) which serve as vehicles for deities and ancestors, and make these appear from their maws. The Palenque Temple of the Sun, dedicated to war, shows in its sanctuary the emblem of such a shield, held up by two crossed spears. Filipino Heritage The Making of a Nation Volume 5: Myths Shared With Mexico. Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa; Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon, Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting, Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi, Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon, Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle, Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees, Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan, Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle, Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon, Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements, Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons, Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms, Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas, Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld, Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth, Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things, Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi, The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul, Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas, Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes, Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate, Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience, Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul, Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul, Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island, Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark. In the past year, Sarah raised a seed round of $1m to scale mtimes impact, and expanded the service to Sydney and Geelong with more cities to come. Canberra: The Australian National University. Lumicao-Lora, M. L. (1984). WebWeb. Population pressure in the Igbo homeland, combined with aspirations for monetary wages, drove thousands of Igbos to other parts of Nigeria in search of work. Postma, A. 303304. Webwedding announcement script. [38] By 1966, the traditional ethnic and religious differences between Northerners and the Igbo were exacerbated by new differences in education and economic class. These religious ties were conduits for the transnational networks through which the conflict would be turned into an object of international humanitarian concern. The program can also help with up to 5% of late fees dating back to April 1, 2020! WebNational Geographic stories take you on a journey thats always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupr, Falques and Denard. Brading calls "creole patriotism". The urban tradition in Mesoamerica was developed during the classic period with major urban centers such as Teotihuacan with a population well above 100,000, and, at the time of the rise of the Aztec, the urban tradition was ingrained in Mesoamerican society, with urban centers serving major religious, political and economic functions for the entire population. Particularly in tales concerned with the creation of the earth and the origin of useful plants, a reworking of Catholic imagery is often noticeable. [89][bettersourceneeded], The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc, a rain and storm deity; Huitzilopochtli, a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe; Quetzalcoatl, a wind, sky, and star deity and cultural hero; and Tezcatlipoca, a deity of the night, magic, prophecy, and fate. Erik Velsquez Garca, 'The Maya Flood Myth and the Decapitation of the Cosmic Caiman'. Andrea J. H.E.M. He showed how one sack of food could be placed inside a larger sack before the supply drop. [39], The colonial administration divided Nigeria into three regionsNorth, West and Eastsomething which exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political, and social differences among Nigeria's different ethnic groups. [59] Reliefs from the Classic-period kingdom of Yaxchilan also show that royal ancestors were sometimes approached during bloodletting rituals and then appeared to their descendants, emerging from the mouth of a terrestrial serpent (which has been nicknamed 'Vision Serpent'). [2] In the northwestern Maya highlands, the four days, or 'Day Lords', that can start a year are assigned to four mountains. However, in 1969, the Biafrans launched several offensives against the Nigerians in their attempts to keep the Nigerians off-balance starting in March when the 14th Division of the Biafran army recaptured Owerri and moved towards Port Harcourt, but were halted just north of the city. University of Chicago Press, 1968. (1979). [13][14][nb 1][nb 2], Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance that controlled what is often known as the "Aztec Empire". Other serpents, shown as vertically rising, seem to connect the various spheres, perhaps to transport the subterranean or terrestrial waters to the sky. Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314. There has never been found enough skulls in the capital to satisfy even the most conservative figures. CECRA provides relief to small businesses in Canada that are experiencing financial hardship due to COVID-19.The program offers forgivable loans to eligible commercial property owners (i.e. MCS Enterprises. [70] Of the seven officers killed, four were northerners, two were from the southeast and one was from the Midwest. [70][71], The Aztecs did not produce much metal work, but did have knowledge of basic smelting technology for gold, and they combined gold with precious stones such as jade and turquoise. They made up the first classes of African civil servants, doctors, lawyers, and other technicians and professionals. [75] Aguyi-Ironsi rejected a British offer of military support but promised to protect British interests. [175] The name of Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent god, has been used for a genus of pterosaurs, Quetzalcoatlus, a large flying reptile with a wingspan of as much as 11 meters (36ft). Interim president Alain Poher fired General Jacques Foccart, the lead coordinator of France's Africa policy. His death marked the end of a tumultuous era in Aztec political history. Now the Igbos, concentrated in the East Central State, would lose control over most of the petroleum, located in the other two areas. University,University of Manila (1958). She is a Churchill Fellow and a Womens Leadership Institute of Australia Fellow. [103] Throughout the war, Biafran officers were far more likely to be executed by their own side than by the Federal Army as Ojukwu conducted purges and had officers who were merely accused of being "saboteurs" taken out and shot. And polychrome ware are ceramics with a white or orange slip, with painted designs in orange, red, brown, and/or black. [50] Ahuitzotl also constructed monumental architecture in sites such as Calixtlahuaca, Malinalco and Tepoztlan. Such compliance was secured by establishing and maintaining a network of elites, related through intermarriage and different forms of exchange. (1966). National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The first prime minister of Nigeria, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was a northerner and co-founder of the Northern People's Congress. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu became military governor of the Eastern Region at this time. [66] At the time of independence in 1960, of the 257 officers commanding the Nigeria Regiment which became the Nigerian Army, only 57 were Nigerians. As the former nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples mixed with the complex civilizations of Mesoamerica, adopting religious and cultural practices, the foundation for later Aztec culture was laid. Sagada Social Studies. [38] Influencing the weather can also mean deflecting the rain clouds from neighboring areas, and thus imply black sorcery. Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Men also engaged in craft specializations such as the production of ceramics and of obsidian and flint tools, and of luxury goods such as beadwork, featherwork and the elaboration of tools and musical instruments. Boats to Burn: Bajo fishing activity in the Australian fishing zone. Scarecrow Press. Maragtas. [230] The International Committee of the Red Cross in September 1968 estimated 8,00010,000 deaths from starvation each day. University of Santo Toms (2002). $40,245. ", Uche, "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War" (2008), pp. Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. The ethnonym Aztec (Nahuatl Aztecah) means "people from Aztlan", Aztlan being a mythical place of origin toward the north. Dictionary Yakan Pilipino English. The deadly flames, ignited earlier this month, have been burning across both ends of the state, sweeping a total area of nearly 400 square miles, according to the California. The most powerful were Colhuacan to the south and Azcapotzalco to the west. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. [119], Aztec painted art was produced on animal skin (mostly deer), on cotton lienzos and on amate paper made from bark (e.g., from Trema micrantha or Ficus aurea), it was also produced on ceramics and carved in wood and stone. Manuel, A. E. (1973). US-China Education Review B, May 2016, Vol. This meant that new rulers began their rule with a coronation campaign, often against rebellious provinces, but also sometimes demonstrating their military might by making new conquests. ", Uche, "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War" (2008), p. 130. The Philippine Archipelago: The Spanish Creation of the Philippines: The Birth of a Nation. Unlike the other two regions, decisions within the Igbo communities were made by a general assembly in which men and women participated. [24] Many written annals exist, written by local Nahua historians recording the histories of their polity. University of the Philippines Press. On the positive side, the empire promoted commerce and trade, and exotic goods from obsidian to bronze managed to reach the houses of both commoners and nobles. H. Roldan, 1832. By 20 October, Garrison's forces withdrew from the battle while Col. Ogi officially surrendered to Gen. Adekunle. Munn and Company, 1901. Rahmann, R. (1974). [132], At the request of the Nigerian government, Canada sent three observers to investigate allegations of genocide and war crimes against the Nigerian military. Ilongot Life and Legends. Write a script of the conversations between the two of you about: 28. For many Christian clerics and laypeople, the war seemed to be a cosmic drama fought between a vulnerable Christian Biafra and a northern Muslim-dominated federal Nigeria. On 4 June 1969, after receiving a personal direct mail from the Pope, Ojukwu pardoned the foreigners. Casal, G. (1986). Luckily for Shell-BP, prior to the war, it had planned a second terminal off Forcados, which was in Federal territory. [100][101], The scale of Aztec human sacrifice has provoked many scholars to consider what may have been the driving factor behind this aspect of Aztec religion. The Fall of the Babaylan. Some of the Books of Chilam Balam testify to the great interest the colonial Maya had for the astrology of their conquerors. the University of Georgia Press. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Altepetl were also the main source of ethnic identity for the inhabitants, even though Altepetl were frequently composed of groups speaking different languages. Aduerte, D. (2014). Dr Manasi Murthy Mittinty is a physician scientist at the University of Sydney, currently undergoing an advanced clinical research fellowship with Harvard Medical School. Yasuda, S., Razaq Raj, R., Griffin, K. A. WebAztecs combined cacao with psilocybin mushrooms, a polysubstance combination referred to as "cacahua-xochitl", which literally means "chocolate-mushrooms". [68] With but few exceptions, the names of stars and constellations are all that have been preserved, and the influence of star lore on social and professional activities beyond agriculture and on individual destiny can no longer be traced. A second 1521 campaign to the gulf coast was also highly successful. Similarly, in the Paris Codex, a turkey person alternates with deities in offering the head of the lightning deity (god K) to the new king. [55], Nigeria gained independence on 1 October 1960, and the First Republic came to be on 1 October 1963. Eventually, they did win wage increases. The Biafran towns of Owerri fell on 9 January, and Uli on 11 January. Page 46. ", Uche, "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War" (2008), p. 123. The tendency of Egyptian pilots to indiscriminately bomb Biafran civilians proved counterproductive in the propaganda war as the Biafrans did their best to publicise cases of civilians killed by the Egyptians. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The diversity champion Anne-Marie Allgrove has been appointed to lead Baker McKenzie in Australia. [148][149], Today the legacy of the Aztecs lives on in Mexico in many forms. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal, Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. At the very first, mushrooms had been servedThey ate no more food; they only drank chocolate during the night. Lacrosse Routed in Tribal Tradition. ", Heerten & Moses, "The NigeriaBiafra War" (2014), pp. Biafran attention to Israel was a highly astute move, primarily because the secessionists knew well what associations the massacres evoked for the Israelis.". Some sellers in the markets were petty vendors; farmers might sell some of their produce, potters sold their vessels, and so on. In this way, Nahuatl speaking Aztecs of one Altepetl would be solidary with speakers of other languages belonging to the same altepetl, but enemies of Nahuatl speakers belonging to other competing altepetl states. The most well known examples of this type of sculpture are the Stone of Tizoc and the Stone of Motecuzoma I, both carved with images of warfare and conquest by specific Aztec rulers. Get an online house valuation from up to 3 [11], India-related topics in Philippinesarticles, Ancient Tagalog deities documented by the Spaniards, Tagalog pantheon from "Notes on Philippine Divinities" by F. Landa Jocano, Tagalog pantheon from "Notes on Philippine Divinities" by. Then a new fire was drilled over the breast of a sacrificial victim and runners brought the new fire to the different calpolli communities where fire was redistributed to each home. Boquet, Y. [136], The Aztec ruling dynasty continued to govern the indigenous polity of San Juan Tenochtitlan, a division of the Spanish capital of Mexico City, but the subsequent indigenous rulers were mostly puppets installed by the Spanish. Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. The 1st Brigade advanced on the axis of the OguguOgungaNsukka road while the 2nd Brigade advanced on the axis of the GakemObuduOgoja road. This was seen as a deliberate policy to hold back the Igbo middle class, leaving them with little wealth to expand their business interests. The Tlatelolco ruler Moquihuix was married to Axayacatl's sister, and his alleged mistreatment of her was used as an excuse to incorporate Tlatelolco and its important market directly under the control of the tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. The Postclassic Kiche king together with his dignitaries regularly visited the temples to burn offerings and pray for the prosperity of his people, while fasting and guarding sexual abstinence. The new policy was retained after independence. Tax Relief for Maryland Retirees. Assessing environmental conservation on Palawan Island (the Philippines), in D. Anderson and E. Berglund (eds.) Brava @WomensAgenda #WALA2022 pic.twitter.com/D5K6ihlAxK. Smith argues that the altepetl was primarily a political unit, made up of the population with allegiance to a lord, rather than as a territorial unit. The Ifugao Wooden Idol. Mojares, R. B. The humid environment in the Valley of Mexico with its many lakes and swamps permitted intensive agriculture. Summer Institute of Linguistics-Philippines, Inc. Hussin, H. (2010). A few sources mention a deity Ometeotl who may have been a god of the duality between life and death, male and female and who may have incorporated Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl. military metal car emblems. Dreamweavers. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. p. 52. Malay, P. C. (1957). Page 16. The year of foundation is usually given as 1325. "France, too, pursued contradictory policies, selling Nigeria Panhard light armoured cars and halting all arms transfers to Lagos only later that year, by which time it was supplying the Biafrans via the Ivory Coast and Gabon. Harner claimed that very high population pressure and an emphasis on maize agriculture, without domesticated herbivores, led to a deficiency of essential amino acids among the Aztecs. [34], According to Aztec legend, in 1323, the Mexica were shown a vision of an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, eating a snake. Bulol: household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors; Nabulul: spouse of Bugan; a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful, Bugan: spouse of Nabulul; a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful, Gatui: divinities associated with practical jokes, but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages, Tagbayan: divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan, Imbayan: also called Lingayan; divinities who guide souls after they die, Himpugtan: an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him, Munduntug: divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost. By the 1960s, Igbo political culture was more unified and the region relatively prosperous, with tradesmen and literate elites active not just in the traditionally Igbo East, but throughout Nigeria. In the world's centre is a tree of life (the yaxche 'ceiba')[71] that serves as a means of communication between the various spheres. Kayamanan: MaiPanoramas of Philippine Primeval. As a for purpose business, mtime also helps women new or returning to the workforce gain meaningful employment through their assistant roles. [72], Products were distributed through a network of markets; some markets specialized in a single commodity (e.g., the dog market of Acolman) and other general markets with presence of many different goods. [162], The Mexican Revolution (19101920) and significant participation of indigenous people in the struggle in many regions, ignited a broad government-sponsored political and cultural movement of indigenismo, with symbols of Mexico's Aztec past becoming ubiquitous, most especially in Mexican muralism of Diego Rivera. Borneo Research Bulletin. The University of the Philippines Press. This may represent the gods Cipactonal and Oxomico. Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). [15] The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded the United Kingdom's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. In world's fairs of the late 19th century, Mexico's pavilions included a major focus on its indigenous past, especially the Aztecs. [70], On 15 January 1966, Major Chukuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna, and other junior Army officers (mostly majors and captains) attempted a coup d'tat. Thousands from all over the Region turned up daily for recruitment. Levey, "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war" (2014), p. 273. For investigations of Mexico's indigenous past, however, the role of moderate liberal Jos Fernando Ramrez is important, serving as director of the National Museum and doing research utilizing codices, while staying out of the fierce conflicts between liberals and conservatives that led to a decade of civil war. Mallari, J. C. (2009). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. California Military Family Relief Fund . Those nobles pledged loyalty to the Spanish crown and converted, at least nominally, to Christianity, and, in return, were recognized as nobles by the Spanish crown. Manasi is passionate about empowering patients and families to thrive and live a meaningful life despite experiencing pain. Apu Namalyari: a deity who lives in Mount Pinatubo; Tigbalog: gives life and directs activities, Amas: moves to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart, Binangewan: spirits who bring change, sickness, and death as punishment, Matusalem: the creator's representatives who act as mediators between the creator and humans since after the great flood, Bacobaco: an ancient turtle who burrowed on top of Mount Pinatubo after its battle with Algao; eruptions occur when it resurfaces, Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the sun, Daughter of Mechetchay: a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods, leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities; lived on the planet Venus, Wife of Mangetchay: wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the moon, Suku: also called Sinukwan, a gigantic being who radiated positive traits, Malagu: goddess of beauty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku, Mahinhin: goddess of modesty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku, Matimtiman: goddess of charm who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku. His successful coronation campaign suppressed rebellions in the Toluca valley and conquered Jilotepec and several communities in the northern Valley of Mexico. Manila: Rex Book Store. [103], Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. Fox, R. B. Wisdom from a Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist. California Laws; Index Blog Posts; Abogados en Espaol; FAQ Labor Laws; Blog Posts & FAQ; Contact; Tel 800-484-4610; Search; Menu Menu. With Southern Nigeria virtually split into two, the North, which was now by far the largest region, had the upper hand. University of the Philippines, 2002. NY: Putnam, p. 176, Farran, Roy. list of Philippine mythological creatures, Kapampangan lunar goddess of the same name, "Applicability and importance of Carakas concept of Aaturaparijnana Hetawah in understanding a patient", "Critical review on Bhaishajya Kaala (time of drug administration) in Ayurveda", History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia, Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities, Visa requirements for Philippine citizens, Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages, Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language, Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language, Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language, Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language, Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India, Business process outsourcing in the Philippines, Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines, National Assembly of the Philippines Hall, Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music, Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts, Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta, Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta, Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta, Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta, Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana, Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian, Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008), Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014), Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures&oldid=1115387137, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Page 168. [31] The Igbo had been substantially victimized in the Atlantic slave trade; in the year 1790, it was reported that of 20,000 people sold each year from Bonny, 16,000 were Igbo. Jocano, F. L. (1969). De Leon, A. M., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Karunarathna, S.C., Hyde, K.D., Reyes, R.G., dela Cruz, T.E.E. [209], Media campaigns focused on the plight of the Biafrans intensified internationally in the summer of 1968. Falola, Toyin, and Ogechukwu Ezekwem, eds. online: Routledge. This usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years, but the term "Aztec" is still more common.[14]. The style used in religious sculpture was rigid stances likely meant to create a powerful experience in the onlooker. These transactions were arranged through the "Biafran Historical Research Centre" in Paris. [54], The second class were the mcehualtin, originally peasants, but later extended to the lower working classes in general. This calendar event was celebrated with a ritual known as Xiuhmolpilli or the New Fire Ceremony. [69] A group of Igbo officers formed a conspiracy to overthrow the government, seeing the northern prime minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, as allegedly plundering the oil wealth of the southeast. [127] Although Aztec stone sculptures are now displayed in museums as unadorned rock, they were originally painted in vivid polychrome color, sometimes covered first with a base coat of plaster. Manuscript Collection on Philippine Folktakes. All-Nations Publishing. This embargo did not include oil tankers. [88], In common with many other indigenous Mesoamerican civilizations, the Aztecs put great ritual emphasis on calendrics, and scheduled festivals, government ceremonies, and even war around key transition dates in the Aztec calendar. Steiner established a brown water navy by converting some Chris-Craft Boats into gun boats, which turned out to be successful in launching surprise raids for weapons and supplies. University of the Philippines, 1967. Capital Publishing House, 1989. One of his early publications from that period was Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Admin note: Unfortunately a bunch of comments got stuck in spam this morning (30, which is really high) if you posted and didnt see it, you may want to repost in the afternoon thread.Thank you for your patience! These are a Bullpup design designed to be very. Almendral, E. C. (1972). Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs; Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world, Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky, Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world, Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld, Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse, Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe, Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe, Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to BoiKafil, BoiKafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul, Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Sfedat; could not bear children, Sfedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from, Dwata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of Sfedat onto the sea, Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Dwata, Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Dwata, Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to Slel, Slel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik, Blomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule, Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to Blomi, Loos Klagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu Bnoling, La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos Klagan, Datu Bnoling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos Klagan, Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment. The boundary between spooks like these and the wayob of the Classic period is not always entirely clear. Through this victory Tenochtitlan became the dominant city state in the Valley of Mexico, and the alliance between the three city-states provided the basis on which the Aztec Empire was built. 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