Perriot:Michael Bluth 3 notes Open in app Facebook Tweet Pinterest Reddit Mail Embed Permalink LOVERS MASTERS SERVANTS AND CLOWNS. Zanni is one such stock character type that is a collective term for all the low ranking servants of commedia, including Arlecchino (Harlequin), Columbina, Brighella and Pulchinella. It was last seen in British general knowledge . Dini chose the name for the character to be in line with other Batman characters names being puns, and also because he thought Harley was a fun name for a girl. The name Harley Quinn is a play on Harlequin, a stock character from the sixteenth-century Italian physical comedy theater commedia dellarte. From the stage to the screen, to music, opera and fine art, commedia has been kept alive and has evolved to become one of the most important and versatile art forms in history. In other words the characteristics of the character and the characteristics of the mask are the same. Another major landmark in theatre history was first confirmed in 1566 when a Commedia performer named Vincenza Armani became the first documented professional actress. (1) TheServantsorZannisuch as Arlecchino, Pulcinella, Colombina, Scapino, Brighella, Pedrolino, Pierrot, and the like; What is Commedia Dell'Arte? In commedia,il Capitanois usually a sword-brandishing, show-off, but also often a coward when faced with danger or confrontation. Professional theatre requires a paying audience. What was frequently known as Improvised Theatre or, outside of Italy, as Italian Comedy was finally dubbed Professional Theatre by Carlo Goldoni in his playIl teatro comico(The Comic Theatre). the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side. Then)students)practice)the)pose,)gestures)and)movements)of)their)character. Who is Beatrice disguised as? In the 1800s, fools named Harlequin, Columbine, Scaramouche, and Pantaloon frequently appeared in American clown routines, comic entractes, and even minstrel shows. These characters appeared sometimes as the children of the Old Men:ilvecchi(PantaloneandDottore) and enabled storylines to take on new depth and complexity. A key moment in theatrical history took place in the1560s when women entered the stage. (Because nothing ever happens in a vacuum. Commedia grew to become one of the most influential and enduring theatre styles in the world. All possessed common sense, intelligence, pride, and a love of practical jokes and intrigue. There is evidence of female zanni roles (zagna) from the earliest documented commedia scenarios but it is thought that these were played by men in masks. This later evolved into Pantomime. 8 July, 3: Southend Ice Cream Walk Tomassi and Rossis 10 July, 5: Noodles and Ramen! From 1753 to 1762 Goldoni wrote for the Teatro San Luca (now Teatro Goldoni). She wants to use this money to help her lover escape, and to allow them to finally wed. Capitano, stock character of the Italian commedia dellarte. . Commedia dell'arte has three main stock roles: servant, master, and innamorati (lovers), and the characters themselves are often referred to as "masks", which, according to John Rudlin, cannot be separated from the character. Expert Help. List of Characters: Pantalone. Commedias origins have not been conclusively determined, and scholars have demonstrated a variety of possible factors in its development: the masked, improvised comedy of the Roman Atellan farce tradition; the mime theatre of the Byzantine world; the jugglers and traveling players of Medieval Europe; the market culture of early modern piazzas that featured performers, charlatans, and festivals; and Renaissance rediscoveries of Plautus and Terrence by theatre Academies and thecommedia erudita tradition. It has had an enormous impact on the development of the European . Pantalone Il Dottore Il Capitano Isabella The Lovers. 9: Orsett Fen 17 July Jam sandwich origin story! Characters were stock types. The more enterprising Commedia troupes also found audiences outside of Italy and experienced unparalleled success in trans-national touring. Pantalone is characterized as loving his money and having emotional extremes. Arlecchino (Harlequin), one of the zanni, was created by Tristano Martinelli as the witty servant, nimble and gay; as a lover, he became capricious, often heartless. The commedia dell'arte was a form of popular theatre that emphasized ensemble acting; its improvisations were set in a firm framework of masks and stock situations, and its plots were frequently borrowed from the classical literary tradition of the commedia erudita, or literary drama. The theatrical style evolved during the 16th century, being varyingly known as commedia allimprovviso (improvised comedy), commedia delle maschere (comedy of the masks) commedia zannesca (zanni comedy) or even commedia mercenaria (mercenary comedy). 20 July. The characters from 'A Servant of Two Masters' are derived from "stock characters" used in commedia dell'arte. It is thought that the characters may well have lampooned familiar locals and almost certainly narratives would have been altered to make local references. The more enterprising Commedia troupes also found audiences outside of Italy and experienced unparalleled success in trans-national touring. A major landmark in theatre history occurred in Padua, Italy, on February 25, 1545, when Ser Maphios troupe of performers signed a letter of incorporation establishing themselves as a fraternal compagnia. This document is the oldest extant record of modern actors thinking of their work as a legitimate business. She took the stage in Mantua almost a full century before a professional actress appeared in Londons theatres. The comedy of these early plays relied on crass, often violent humour, driven by carnal needs of thezanni. Commedia performances gained popularity rapidly and the actors saw an opportunity to make profit. Performances took place on temporary stages, mostly on city streets, but occasionally even in court venues. Food was an important motivation for action. This legitimate fraternal compagnia paved the way for acting as a recognised profession. True commedia dell'arte is more or less improvised without a script, so Servant of Two Masters is not true commedia. The Isabella character is certainly the most known among all female Lovers, due to the great intelligence and stage performance of Isabella Andreini - who received it and made hers forever - the Isabella role starting probably in 1578.. At the time in which the Commedia dell'Arte was a big hit, as much as in the ancient Greek Theater tradition, women did not perform on stage. Evening rural walk around Hangmans Woods, 3. Il Capitano Commedia dell' Arte has three different types of characters. In spite of its outwardly anarchic spirit, commedia dell'arte was a highly disciplined art requiring both virtuosity and a strong sense of ensemble playing. With his sinister and often inhumane treatment towards his fellows, Pantalone is perceived to be a pivotal part of commedia. Brighella (in Bergamasque dialect: Brighla) is a comic, masked character from the Italian theatre style Commedia dellarte. Many practitioners now refer to the form as simply commedia as the dellarte was an addition made by Carlo Goldoni in the 18th century, long after commedias hey day in the 16th and 17th centuries. Commedia Dell'arte can be seen in the series Arrested Development: The Lovers: George Michael and Maebe. )Partner)Atakes) on)their)persona)while)Partner)B)observes. Arlecchino IlVecchi (the old men) joined the ranks of commedia, as a stock type thatlampooned the wealthy, powerful landowners of Renaissance Italy. In traditional pantomime, a comic performance with silent actors, a harlequin is a funny character who wears a mask and a distinctive diamond-patterned costume. Origin of Crazy Cat Lady - Eleanor aged 8 - The Simpsons. It involves stock characters - comic servants, young lovers, self-important pedants and soldiers - each one recognisable by stylised costumes, masks and exaggerated gestures. Subverting the Symbolic Order in the Commedia dell'Arte. His is a quarter mask, covering nose and brow allowing the actor greater freedom in the cheeks to speak with clarity and be seen as human. The advent of the actress also establishes a new tradition of unmasked characters in the Commediadramatis personae. Dottore Gratiano was, in origin, a Bolognese lawyer or doctor; gullible and lecherous, he spoke in a pedantic mixture of Italian and Latin. Product Information. The term commedia dellarte was never used during the 16th and 17th century to describe the form - it was Carlo Goldoni who coined the phrase in his play The Comic Theatre in 1750 in a somewhat derogatory manner. It was popular in Spain in the eighteenth century. It was not until 1750 that Commedia dellArte received its name. That is to say that each of the characters . Teatro allAntica was the first theatre in modern times that was conceived from the start as theatre building and still stands today as a UNESCOWorld Heritage site. Louis XIV was a great supporter of the arts and he invited a commedia troupeto perform regularly at his court, until they mocked his mistress, Madame Maintenon, and he banned them from performing. Contrary to popular belief, commedia was not all improvised - many aspects were thoroughly rehearsed and certain speeches were written. By the early 1700s, Commedia troupes had entertained audiences across the continent and had been commissioned to play for Europes most distinguished monarchs, including Queen Elizabeth, Louis XIV, and Russias Empress Anna. Il Capitano:GOB and his illegitimate son, Steve Holt. In the early 18th Century, theHarlequinade came into vogue featuring Harlequin,Columbine,Pantaloon, The Captain, Polchinelle and Pierrot. In medieval Italy, the arti were groups of artisans or guilds; hence the term means comedy of the professional actors. For Whalen, an evidence can be found in the characters of Othello that have their prototypes in characters of commedia dell'arte: Iago is the zanni, Othello is Capitano, Roderigo is the second zanni, Brabantio is Pantalone, Cassio is Pedrolino. Question 11. Very few theatreshad been built since Roman times but in1588, the architect Vincenzo Scamozzi began buildingTeatro allAnticainSabbioneta,Northern Italyas an indoor playing space for Commedia, based on the designs of Roman amphitheatres. Grays Town World Taste Trail 19 July, 12. The quarrelsome, belligerent, servant; a loner; he has a fatalistic philosophy and takes great pleasure in violence. Commedia dell'Arte is an Italian Renaissance form that is best known as a style that features characters wearing half masks, of which there are many, but there are also many characters within commedia dell'arte that do not wear masks. Stock Characters. Commedia dell'arte is a theatrical form characterized by improvised dialogue and a cast of colorful stock characters that emerged in northern Italy in the fifteenth century and rapidly gained popularity throughout Europe. 15 July, 8. Concepts of perspective were beginning to be explored during the Renaissance and the first perspective backdrops were created, depicting street scenes. Comedy needs an audience and the commedia troupes would perform anywhere an audience could be gathered; in the early days this was in piazzas on raised trestle stages with a simple backdrop, playing to bustling market squares populated by all manner of society. Koroviev, the talkative trickster dressed in checked clothes brings to mind Arlecchino, and in certain . Pantalone is known for wearing a brown or black mask with a hooked nose, and sometimes he is depicted with a mustache or flowing wide beard. The birds and the bees: around Thurrock Thameside Nature Park, 17. Venice, Verona, Padua, Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, Florence, Turin, Genova, Rome, and Naples were hot spots of Commedia dellArte during the mid-16th to early 17th Centuries. Il Capitanowas introduced as another stock character; a stranger from out of town, usually a military man from Spain, who boasts of battles and victories. (4) The boastingCaptains, Other troupes of this era had similar endeavors, and the business of show business was born when artist-entrepreneurs began to create professional models for making a living in the theatre. The original commedia dell'arte in late sixteenth-century Italy was performed by traveling players who improvised their plays around a basic plot or scenario. It was a popular form of street theatre based on improvised scenarios between stock characters. Grummelot being a gibberish language that uses the paralinguistics of a language - the intonation, rhythm and musicality - to mimic the local dialect, aided by physical antics and bold gestures to be understood. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE SYNOPSIS: Comedy dell'arte is set in 16th century Renaissance Italy, in sunny Venice. The essence of the commedia dell'arte (if we can indeed find an essence) is captured by its unique mode of representing contemporary forms of social power. Beatrice disguises herself as Federigo (her dead brother)so that he can collect dowry money from Pantaloon (also spelled Pantalone), the father of Clarice, her brother's betrothed. The play tells the story of a hungry servant who, upon realizing that working for two masters could ensure him a greater supply of food, tries to do the job of two men while working desperately to conceal that fact from both employers. The commedia dell'arte players soon moved . The stock characters were used as guides for the actors improvising. Masks existed for female zanni types (zagna) worn by men, affording the opportunity for crude humour. The main categories of these characters include servants, old men, lovers, and captains. Born in Padua, Carlo lived and breathed Commedia, and went on later to found the Dell'Arte International School of Physical Theatre in Blue Lake, California. The waffling, boffin; an intellectual windbag; an ineffectual father and master; why use one word when ten will do? Who are the Masters?. 30 seconds. The origins of Pantalone can be charted back to The Old Miser who featured in the Roman plays of Plautus. by Deanna Hartmier | Apr 5, 2020 | Articles | 0 comments. Shakespeares Fools are often zanni character types; his romantic leads are clearly inspired byCommedias innamorati (the Lovers), his miserable old misers by Pantalone and his pedantic, buffoon-like old men by il Dottore. One of the earliest of the commedia characters, he was a descendant of the Miles Gloriosus, the braggart soldier of ancient Roman comedy. The Renaissance witnessed a huge surge in artistic creativity, discovery and invention, all of which fed the imagination and narratives of the commedia. Their thought processes were simplistic, governed by physical and carnal needs for survival. There was Inamorata, her confidante the Soubrette as like as not in love with one of the servants plus Canterina and Ballerina who provided interludes in the main action. So popular were these performances, that the troupes were soon being invited into the courts of the aristocracy. Some of the archetypes of the Il Vecchi characters are: Pantalone - This is the king. The main male characters were: Pantaloon, the Captain, a Doctor, the Inamorato, the servants Harlequin, Brighella and Scapino. The more enterprising Commedia troupes also found audiences outside of Italy and experienced unparalleled success in trans-national touring. The advent of the actress occasioned a new character type: the male and femaleLoversorInnamoratiwho became the children of the Old Men. Robert Henke, Professor of Drama and Comparative Literature & Director of Graduate Studies, M.A. Flavio Il Dottore A rubric is included for the project as long as journal prompts and . In spirit, if not in fact, a play like Shakespeares Comedy of Errors (1594) owes something to the traditions of commedia dellarte, and one can detect the influence of the form in the work of Ben Jonson, Molire, and Goldoni; in pantomime, farce, puppet plays and ballet. Another il Vecchi character is Il Dottore(The Doctor). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. The Zanni are often referred to as 'servant' characters. The unit culminates in a commedia performance. Commedia dell'Arte: Masks, masters and servants is a unique video game in which you play the role of an actor in front of a live audience, and your goal is to attract as many . The MASTERS. Meanwhile, in England, it is very likely that Shakespeare would have seen or at least heard accounts of the Italian Players and the influence of commedia is clearly visible in many of Shakespeares works. Numerous variations of Il Capitano can be found in commedia scenarios - sometimes he is masked, sometimes unmasked; sometimes he is an incompetent phoney, sometimes a wealthy and eligible suitor. Why Is Impressionism Important To Our Culture? By way of the British panto tradition, which flourished in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Commedia characters even found their way to New World stages. There is not much documented previous to the 16th century. Question 11. Pulcinella or Punch is one of the servants. The original commedia dell'artein late sixteenth-century Italy was performed by traveling players who improvised their plays around a basic plot or scenario. Commedia dell arte. The characters in The Servant of Two Masters are drawn from the commedia dell'arte, an improvised form of theatre that was popular in Italy during the Renaissance.Commedia performances were . What were the main characters in commedia dell arte? Carlo was the real deal. The story of troubled young love became a hallmark of the Italian Comedy and is seen most famously in ShakespearesRomeo and Juliet. . their controversial personality is revealed by the plot later their controversial personality is revealed by the plot Servants Servants - Most of them were male actors. According to Antonio Fava, the famous character types can be divided into four main archetypes: PANTALONE: Pantalone is of top pecking order. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation. Brighella:George Sr. Pantalone:Lucille. (3) The youngLoversorInnamoratiwith names such as Isabella, Flaminia, or Ortensia (for women) and Flavio, Orazio, Ortensio, or Leandro (for men). The Atellan farces brought forth stock characters: the fool, the trickster, the glutton, the old man the links to Commedia are undeniable. Coalhouse Fort Finale Performance Sun 9th July 2017 4pm, 1: Benfleet to Leigh Tea, cake and cockles! See more ideas about stock character, commedia dell'arte, costumes. Commedia dellarte was only anointed as such, retrospectively and well after the form had reached mass popularity throughout Europe. The plots of commedia dellarte were usually based on love intrigues involving people of all ages; masters and servants, mistresses and confidantes. Characters appeared in response to the social strata of the times and as need arose, with the actors gradually increasing the complexity of the narratives. Commedia dell'arte is an improvised comedic theatre form that flourished in Italy in the 1500's. The exact origins of Commedia are fuzzy and hard to pin down. The Servant (Zanni) Also referred to as "Zanni" a collective name used to describe the primitive servants who first appeared in commedia scenes. The name for the highly physical study of comedy that is used in commedia. Take a look at the programme for 2020 HERE. The Servants. The infarinato tradition such as the character Pedrolino was a male servant who played in white face (hence the term infarinato, meaning floured.) This white-faced comic servant is an ancestor to the white-faced clown of the circus tradition and the modern, white-faced pantomime. Students exploring Commedia dell' Arte. Your email address will not be published. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The Zanni are the class of servants that are on the bottom of the food chain- they are porters, servants, and lower class citizens who serve their masters hare-brained schemes, bungle their own hare-brained schemes, and once in a long while make out like bandits, only to have their loot pulled away from them at the last second. It was playwright Carlo Goldoni who, in 1750, wrote rather disparagingly of the actors of the form in his play Il Teatro Comico, referring to it as Commedia dellArte. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. (Credit to Dr. Matthew R. Wilson Commedia dellArte). The Zanni comes from the countryside and is known to be a "dispossessed immigrant worker". The Italian Folk Theater Commedia dell'arte is a bright phenomenon of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, known since the middle of the XVI century. Through time, the Zanni grew to be a popular figure who was first seen in commedia as early as the 14th century. The male Lovers, as their counterpoints, also performed unmasked, and additional unmasked characters came to include theservetta an unmasked female servant like the famous Colombina. With an unattractive mask and scary features such as a long nose and sharp expression lines, they were recognised as the "lower class" In fact, they said that the longer or wider the nose the less . They all are most commonly shows to be servants of the vecchi (which means 'old men') and innamorati (which means the romantic leads, also known as the 'lovers'). A tricky servant, usually to Pantalone, but also frequently Il Capitano, or Il Dottore. We are based in Gloucestershire, UK. It was popular in Spain in the eighteenth century. Commedia Dell'Arte (CDA) is one of the brightest spots in the history of performing art. Translated to English, commedia dellarte, arguably, means the Professional Comedy and the actors of this genre were indeed the first to be officially recognised as professionals. Harlequin is often associated with wearing a black mask because that color was associated with trickery and mischievousness. We used paper plates and colored pencils to create a mask that also shows our more mischievous sides. The Simpsons - Krusty's Percodan addiction. Literally, it means comedy (Commedia) of the professional guilds or artists (dell'Arte). 10 to 1: Latin Literature 57%. What is the story of a servant to two masters? The main comic figure and the most popular and famous character of Commedia dell Arte. Your email address will not be published. The influence of commedia can be traced throughout the history ofcomedy. Isabella The plots of commedia dell'arte were usually based on love intrigues involving people of all ages; masters and servants, mistresses and confidantes. Why did Goldoni Write A Servant to Two Masters? The main female characters were also stock types. Origins - Venetian Merchant Status - Top of the order, Pantalone has money Costume - Black jacket, red tights , yellow shoes. The legacy of Commedia includes the first incorporated theatre company, the first European actresses, and many of the themes and storylines still enjoyed by audiences today. The 25th February is International Commedia dell Arte Day so heres a bit of history and information on a street art form that definateley influenced the world of Clown. They began to sell seats at their performances and the troupes were soon invited to perform in courts and palaces of Dukes and Royalty. It is highly likely that he even saw them perform, as the Italian troupes were travelling throughout Europe and known to have been performing in London by the late 16th century. The plays (scenarii) themselves were devised around a loose storyline (canovaccio), featuring fast-paced action, slapstick sequences and simple conflict-driven narratives (frequently focused on love, greed, illness, injustice, starvation). Privacy Policy Safeguarding Policy Covid-19 Policy Statement, Tonino Pavans dedication message for Commedia dellArte Day 2021, Commedia dell'Arte & the Tragicomedy: Shakespeare's Italian Influences. Evidence exists as early as the 1540s that Commedia troupes began to create professional space for female performers, but the late 1560s and 1570s were the Age of the Actress. The longer the nose of the Zanni, the stupider he is said to be. An association of commedia practitioners, SAT, was set up in 2005 along with an online archive to manage, archive and preserve heritage relating to commedia: http://www.incommedia.org This film was made in an appeal to the UNESCO committee to get Commedia dellArte listed officially as Intangible Cultural Heritage. The captivating ladys maid; coquettish and clever; she manages the plot with wit and benevolence; adored by everyone. Its imprint can be seen in Shakespeare, Restoration comedy, melodrama, music hall, vaudeville, circus, pantomime as well as many . The Italian Commedia dell'Arte tradition which flourished throughout Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries has provided the roots and vocabulary for modern Western theatre and remained a strong influence on it. Isabella Andreini became one of the most famous and sought-after performers in all of Italy and France, and her contribution to Commedia dellArte is still seen in the most prevalent name for the leading female Lover: Isabella. Required fields are marked *. What is the purpose of commedia dell arte? While we can detect formal similarities between the commedia dell'arte and . Harlequin (/ h r l k w n /; Italian: Arlecchino [arlekkino]; Lombard: Arlechin, Bergamasque pronunciation) is the best-known of the zanni or comic servant characters from the Italian commedia dell'arte, associated with the city of Bergamo.The role is traditionally believed to have been introduced by Zan Ganassa in the late 16th century, was definitively popularized by the . He became a master for the zanni; someone to be mocked by the underdog. Commedia dell'Arte is a theatrical form characterized by the use of puppets with exaggerated masks that have comical scenes that revolve around love, but with a moral message. Commedia dell'arte emerged around the middle of the 16th century as the first professional theater form. Commedia dell'Arte: Crash Course 1. It was in the court of Louis XIV that Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Molire) discovered Commedia dellArte. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Magnifico is also selfish, condescending and sadistic and leads with his head as he is always perceived as the highest of the high. Commedia began to take its populist form in the 15th-16th centuries and most likely came about as an evolution of carnival and the rustic street guillare (itinerant satirical storytelling jesters). The style of Commedia is characterized by its use of masks, improvisation, physical comedy, and recognizable character types. The Italian arte here translates as "profession" or "craft," distinguishing it from more amateur theatre forms such as pageants and festival plays. That is an explicit reference to the commedia dell'arte, and there are other commedia figures as well. The commedia dell'arte players soon moved to other European . Some of Shakespeares narratives bear striking resemblance to the writings of Ruzante and Flaminio Scala. 10. Most companies frequently played on touring stages in piazzas, but the most famous companies enjoyed indoor bookings at public meeting halls (thestanze;stanza, singular) or by commission at court. There he increasingly left commedia dellarte behind him. Pulcinella:Buster Bluth. [Media 2085742] Official Selection, IndieCade Europe. The Stock Characters of Commedia dell'Arte Servants Zanni/Zagna (male/female) The zanni are the mainstays of Commedia scenarios and are never casual unless it serves a purpose. THE SERVANT (La Servetta - The Soubrette) The Soubrette is one of those characters which appeared in the Commedia dell'Arte in almost all plays, although keeping a low profile which got more personality with time, developing into more elaborate and important characters such as Colombina, Corallina, Franceschina, Mirandolina and, in one of her disguises, also Arlecchinetta. What is a stock character commedia dell arte? Commedia dell'arte definition. Shakespeare took direct inspiration from commedia dellarte for many of his plays. With contributors from across the globe, including many of the foremost proponents of commedia, it is a treasure trove covering the history, artistry and performance of the form past and present. The Servant of Two Masters was originally written in 1746 by Italian playwright Carlo Goldoni. I Call This Enemy: The Sun (The Simpsons) Homer VS Waylon Smithers - The Simpsons. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ITALY IN THE HIGH-MIDDLE AGES Southern Italy in the 13th and 14th century. The first documented appearance of a woman on stage was by actress Vincenza Armaniin around 1566 but the most famous First Actress was Isabella Andreini, wife of Francesco Andreini of Il Gelosi, first appearing on stage in 1576. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Chafford Gorge to Lakeside Sat 8th July, 5. Commedia dell'Arte, Troupe of Gelosi. Commedia Dell'Arte is a theatre history unit mixed with improvisation, physicalization, and exploring specific characters. Masters, Lovers and Servants. Dr. Nick Attempts to Do Surgery. Magnifico's movement style is quick and . DC Villains by Other Definition 57%. As fate would have it, Truffaldino mixes up the letters and gives Beatrices letters to Florindo, who as a result learns that his lover is in Venice and sets out in search of her. The witty servant, Truffaldino, is given the task of delivering a letter from the rich merchant Pantalone to a beautiful, young widow Smeraldine. At first, performances by commedia troupes took place wherever an audience and some form of stage could be found - indoors or out, commonly performed in piazzas, on a two metre high trestle stage, with a single backdrop. Beautiful, educated, petulant and spoilt. Zanni Zanni is probably not the first character that springs to mind when you think of Commedia dell'Arte characters. Zanni were valet buffoons, clowns, and knavish jacks-of-all-trades. The roots of many characters and plots can be traced back to Roman comedies and even further to Atellan farces (Fabulae Atellanae that date from around 300BC; these rustic farces were so called as they originated from Atella in Italy). 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