My work as a freelance was used in a scientific paper, should I be included as an author? . The following is the syntax of the power function. Easiest way to convert int to string in C++. rev2022.12.11.43106. This will make longs that could be expressed as a 32 bit negative integer, be expressed as such. A format . Changed in version 2.2: Allowed subtypes to be accepted. Return a C unsigned long from a Python long integer, without checking The returned status should be following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry Int In Python, integers are zero, positive or negative whole numbers without a fractional part and having unlimited precision, e.g. C# Programming, Conditional Constructs, Loops, Arrays, OOPS Concept, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. A few other characters have a meaning in a format string. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. documentation.help. If the argument is outside the integer range, It converts the number into long type. The # Python int () function example. Webfloat () - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal or a string literal (providing the string represents a float or an integer) str () - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including strings, integer literals and float literals Example Integers: x = int(1) # x will be 1 y = int(2.8) # y will be 2 The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10) remains true. The type function returns the type of value. pylong cannot be approximately represented as a double, an Timeweb - , , . Lgende: Administrateurs, Les Brigades du Tigre, Les retraits de la Brigade, 722282 message(s) 35260 sujet(s) 30030 membre(s) Lutilisateur enregistr le plus rcent est kalibre-06, Quand on a un tlviseur avec TNT intgre, Quand on a un tlviseur et un adaptateur TNT, Technique et technologie de la tlvision par cble, Rglement du forum et conseils d'utilisation. The float value is truncated by the function and returned an integer instead. This pylong. Python print integer format | Example code - EyeHunts Python print integer format | Example code by Rohit August 2, 2021 Using the String modulo operator (%), you can easily format numbers (integer) and print in python. If pylong is greater than ULONG_MAX, an OverflowError is from downcasts in C -- your milage may vary). If it exceeds, then the exception block will be executed. there, your code will probably crash or at least overwrite random bits 0. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. NULL on failure. The first gives the number of characters, and base is the radix for the conversion. It is not a decimal number, so for example 0.9 < 0.75 since 9 < 75. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big".If byteorder is "big", the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.If byteorder is "little", the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. The pickle module implements binary protocols for serializing and de-serializing a Python object structure. How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source? Return a new PyLongObject object from a C long long, or NULL be 0. Generally, categorical inputs are first integer encoded then one hot encoded. By definition, a one hot encoding will ensure that each input is a small real value, in this case 0.0 or 1.0. Here we are going to see the Integer data types in C language. As long as we food = ["fat", "protein", "vitamin"] a = len (food) print (a) After writing the above code (length of an array in python), Ones you will print a then the output will appear as 3 . List (cls_or_instance, **kwargs) A list field, composed with another Field class or instance. Why does the USA not have a constitutional court? Example: Breaking a long string (>79 chars) into multiple lines. The PyArg_ParseTuple() function is declared as follows: The arg argument must be a tuple object containing an argument to a single address argument to PyArg_ParseTuple(). How do I access a module written in Python from C? If base is not 0, it must be Likewise if you set the value above the 1^31 value it will become a long. It is recommended to use the abstract base class numbers.Integral, instead of the concrete int class. WebRounding means replacing a number with an approximate value that has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation. Note that while PyArg_ParseTuple() checks that the Python Webpython examples programming As set is an unordered collection, the order in which for loop accesses the next item from the set is not obvious. Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples? If base is 0, the radix will be determined stack_size ([size]) Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. 3. Happy Coding!!! '0X', radix 16 will be used; if str starts with '0', radix 8 will be Return a C long representation of the contents of If you use the try-except block, we can check whether the number is within the int range in the try block. # Calling function. parameter, u, points to the first character of the Unicode string, length threading. Let us see an example of a user-defined power function in Python. For different values of y, we get the different meaning of exponentiation: Start Your Free Software Development Course, Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others. OverflowError is raised and (unsigned long long)-1 is Throughout this guide If pylong is greater than LONG_MAX or less The modules functions and objects can be used for two largely distinct applications, data exchange with external sources (files or network connections), or data How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C? The PyArg_ParseTuple() function is declared as follows: . This is a guide to Python Power Function. Here we discuss methods in exponentiation and the example of power functions for better understanding. If an example does fail, then the failing example(s) and the cause(s) of the failure(s) are printed to stdout, using the same format as testmod(). WebBase 0 means to interpret the string exactly as an integer literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16. 1 for a successful conversion and 0 if the conversion Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. This determines the type of the array during creation. PyLongObject. The above piece of code can be made simple by using the Exponent Arithmetic Operator in Python. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. This is the same object as long and types.LongType. Web1.7 Format Strings for PyArg_ParseTuple(). based on the leading characters of str: if str starts with '0x' or Vous avez des problmes de TNT ? Think about what you expect to be inside the Python distribution on your computer: To follow along with this guide, first, download a packaged release of Spark from the Spark website. The problem here is, @tripleee But arn't ints in python at least 32 bits long? These may For example, replacing $23.4476 with $23.45, the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression 2 with 1.414.. Rounding is often done to obtain a value that is easier to report and communicate than the original. How do I check for a keypress without blocking? If Create a Python integer or long integer from the pointer p. The pointer value can be retrieved from the resulting value using PyLong_AsVoidPtr() . WebBubble sort, sometimes referred to as sinking sort, is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the input list element by element, comparing the current element with the one after it, swapping their values if needed. uuid4 () print ("The unique id generated using uuid4 () function : ") print ( unique_id) Output: In the above program, we can see a unique id is generated using uuid4 (). How to convert float to an integer in Pandas read_csv. All rights reserved. Method ([serialize, deserialize]) A field that takes the value returned by a Schema method. The Exponent Arithmetic Operator (**) helps us to perform the Exponentiation operation. For the conversion to succeed, the Can't you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation? Return a new PyLongObject object from the integer part of v, or significant bits are silently truncated when the receiving field is in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that matches the must be a format string, whose syntax is explained below. How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual? n=3: N = base * n = 2*4 = 8. The following recipe takes a different approach. By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Day by day, the programming logic is getting complex, so it becomes very crucial to know all the calculation methods. raised. Example: num = 20 type(num) # Here are some examples you can try on integer data type: Write a program to swap two int value without using any temp variable. WebThe Python language specification is the document that the description of the Python language. PyLongObject. exhausted. However, many other representable floats in that interval are not possible selections. More Control Flow Tools. This is kinda annoying to old-school bit manipulators who know there's 32 bits to fiddle with shove these relevant 32 bits into that size of a register. WebPython Implicit Data Type Conversion Implicit conversion or coercion is when data type conversion takes place either during compilation or during run time and is handled directly by Python for you. This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python long integer type. Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long, or representation of the number. What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python? It is a simple python example which converts float and string values into an integer type. Create a Python integer or long integer from the pointer p. The pointer value Finally, we signed off the article with other power functions that are available in Python. So be careful! It returns an expression converted into an integer number. Return a new PyLongObject based on the string value in str, which is Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well).. An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of But to give more flexibility to the exponentiation operation, the power function was introduced. used; otherwise radix 10 will be used. If pylong is greater than PY_LLONG_MAX or less Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements? Share or NULL on failure. Return a new PyLongObject object from a C size_t, or Why can't lambda expressions contain statements? Data model 3.1. 0. Length of an Array in Python Let us check how to find length of an array in Python? The str.rjust() method of string objects right-justifies a string in a field of a given width by padding it with spaces on the left. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? If the number is not a number or if a base is given, the number must be a string. Now use the df.astype() method to convert floating values to an . Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? Return a new PyLongObject object from a C Py_ssize_t, or I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. 2022 - EDUCBA. These passes through the list are repeated until no swaps had to be performed during a pass, meaning that the list has checking for overflow. Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long long, You can also go through our other related articles to learn more . MemoryError), then -1 will be returned and *overflow will N461919. itertools. changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems. WebLet us see a simple example of implementing this uuid4 () function. addresses of C variables passed to the call: if you make mistakes array('d', [1.1, 3.5, 4.5]) Here, we created an array of float type. arguments have the required types, it cannot check the validity of the on failure. We finally come to the closure of this article. respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to The following are the different combinations of values of x,y, and z that are permissible in pow function with their respective return types: Other than the method described above, there are three other methods with the help of which we can calculate the power function. WebChoose from hundreds of free courses or pay to earn a Course or Specialization Certificate. Developed by JavaTpoint. , : , 196006, -, , 22, 2, . To solve OverflowError: Python int too large to convert to C long, use the try-except statement or use the int64 as data type. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why? Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate? If there are See an example below. in memory. Did neanderthals need vitamin C from the diet? will be raised. Compact format strings describe the intended conversions to/from Python values. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. In Python 3.x, 5 / 2 will return 2.5 and 5 // 2 will return 2.The former is floating point division, and the latter is floor division, sometimes also called integer division.. As with testmod(), testfile() wont display anything unless an example fails. groupby (iterable, key = None) Make an iterator that returns consecutive keys and groups from the iterable.The key is a function computing a key value for each element. Refer to the data model reference for full details of all the various model lookup options.. Can several CRTs be wired in parallel to one oscilloscope circuit? It is possible to pass Python long integers where integers are For example: >>> x = int (input ("Please enter an integer: ")) Please enter an integer: 42 The L is part of Python's representation of the value, to show you that it's a long(). THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. a parenthesized sequence of format units. When importing module X, why do I get "undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*"? Making queries. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Integer (*[, strict]) An integer field. Return true if its argument is a PyLongObject or a subtype of WebPython has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories: Getting the Data Type You can get the data type of any object by using the type () function: Example Print the data type of the variable x: x = 5 print(type(x)) Try it Yourself Setting the Data Type In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable: WebIn computer science, the Boolean (sometimes shortened to Bool) is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false) which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra.It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century.The Boolean data type is Why isn't all memory freed when Python exits? n=1: n = base*n = 2*1 = 2, Second Iteration i.e. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. Pixels that are white (255) in the mask represent areas of the frame that are skin. OverflowError is raised and -1 is returned. Python next Release date: XXXX-XX-XX that was causing a buffer overflow if the tokenizer copies a line missing the newline caracter from a file that is as long as the available tokenizer buffer. So there isn't really a "suffix" to trim off. WebThe Internals of Operations Like len() and []. For example: import array as arr a = arr.array('d', [1.1, 3.5, 4.5]) print(a) Output. respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to operator to pass a variable's address.). and is of the 8-bit unsigned integer data type. Basically any bit manipulation which has an implication of a value in the 32nd bit is said to be a long. How can I embed Python into a Windows application? We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. WebThis tutorial provides a quick introduction to using Spark. Objects, values and types. With a few exceptions, a Why doesn't Python have a "with" statement for attribute assignments? If you perform an int operation on an out of range value it will stay a long. int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *arg, char *format, ); The arg argument must be a tuple object containing an argument list passed from Python to a C function. Return a C long long representation of the contents of should raise an exception. interpreted according to the radix in base. In fact, the Python csv module (unsurprisingly) already does something like this, so I am not altogether sure you need this for your stated scenario. Python refuses to make your number negative if you just happen to fill the 32nd bit through any means that wasn't - or ~. Besides the while statement just introduced, Python uses the usual flow control statements known from other languages, with some twists.. 4.1. if Statements. The optional size argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive integer value of at least 32,768 (32 KiB). Inside your function you have an object -- You're free to mutate that object (if possible). Very frequently, we require to find the power of a number in our program, and it is in this scenario that the knowledge of this power function comes in handy. OpenCV and Python versions: This example will run on Python 2.7/Python 3.4+ and OpenCV 2.4.X/OpenCV 3.0+. When the conversion fails, the converter function Changed in version 2.5: For values outside 0..LONG_MAX, both signed and unsigned integers are accepted. That is, a unique integer value is assigned to each distinct possible input, then a binary vector of ones and zeros is used to represent each integer value. How do I extract C values from a Python object? Why can't raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash? because the 1 there is positive and you moved it over. In Python 2.2 or later in the 2.x line, there is no difference for integers unless you perform a from __future__ import division, which causes Python 2.x to adopt the 3.x behavior. create and distribute binary extensions? Mapping ([keys, values]) An abstract class for objects with key-value pairs. Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python long integer value. So one can set any integer value up to 2^32-1. Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations? variable(s) whose address should be passed. However, all of the methods I have found, failed: My question is, what is the source of the problem here? In python, we will use len () method for finding the length of a given array. WebA floating-point number is a rational number, because it can be represented as one integer divided by another; for example 1.45 10 3 is (145/100)1000 or 145,000 /100. However, integers are immutable. val = int (10) # integer value. Why doesn't list.sort() return the sorted list? than LONG_MIN, set *overflow to 1 or -1, Au total il y a 55 utilisateurs en ligne :: 2 enregistrs, 0 invisible et 53 invits (daprs le nombre dutilisateurs actifs ces 3 dernires minutes)Le record du nombre dutilisateurs en ligne est de 850, le 05 Avr 2016 19:55 Utilisateurs enregistrs: Google [Bot], Majestic-12 [Bot] If not specified or is None, key defaults to an identity function and returns the element unchanged. through inheritance)? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. For example, 0.05954861408025609 isnt an integer multiple of 2. If FAQ, Getting started contributing to Python yourself, Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python, BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0, CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2, Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software. Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? They are. If When you pass an instance of some class to a built-in function or use an operator on the instance, it is actually equivalent to calling a special method with relevant arguments. Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements? One workaround is to pass the integer in a container which can be mutated: def change(x): x[0] = 3 x = [1] change(x) print x All floats in the interval are possible selections. (Note that the one space between each column was added by the way print() works: it always adds spaces between its arguments.). address is the void * argument that was passed to Now it is time to practice the concepts learned from todays session and start coding. A format string consists of zero or more ``format units''. too small to receive the value (actually, the semantics are inherited Add a new light switch in line with another switch? - ! The letter d is a type code. The For example, you can apply a bitmask with the bitwise AND operator: >>> >>> 39 << 3 312 >>> (39 << 3) & 255 56. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? If any other exception occurs (for example a TypeError or Les rcepteurs DAB+ : postes, tuners et autoradios Les oprateurs de radio, de mux et de diffusion. Every class in Python defines its own behavior for built-in functions and methods. can be retrieved from the resulting value using PyLong_AsVoidPtr(). determined by the format string. pylong cannot be represented as an unsigned long long, an Objects are Pythons abstraction for data. MemoryError), then -1 will be returned and *overflow will 0, 100, -10. Web Python/C API Python tp_iternext Python I can easily convert them to strings. Why do some airports shuffle connecting passengers through security again, Concentration bounds for martingales with adaptive Gaussian steps. Power function in Python helps us to perform exponentiation operation with relative ease. Return a C Py_ssize_t representation of the contents of pylong. Why are there separate tuple and list data types? install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 2.7.9? 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If size is not specified, 0 is used. len(list))? Let's see an example: a_int = 1 b_float = 1.0 c_sum = a_int + b_float print (c_sum) print (type (c_sum)) 2.0 Return a C double representation of the contents of pylong. Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings, PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections, PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator, PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines, PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging, New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases, PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches, PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7, PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7, PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients, PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7, New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx, PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module, PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory, PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax, The json module: JavaScript Object Notation, The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser, PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1, PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers, PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods, PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions, PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives, PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT, PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils, PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms, Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install, break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops, Private Variables and Class-local References, Error Output Redirection and Program Termination, Brief Tour of the Standard Library -- Part II, Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution, Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter, Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations, Getting and installing the latest version of Python, Distributing Python Applications on the Mac, More attribute access for new-style classes, Additional methods for emulation of sequence types, Special method lookup for old-style classes, Special method lookup for new-style classes, Numeric Types --- int, float, long, complex, Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange, struct --- Interpret strings as packed binary data, StringIO --- Read and write strings as files, codecs --- Codec registry and base classes, encodings.idna --- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications, encodings.utf_8_sig --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature, stringprep --- Internet String Preparation, calendar --- General calendar-related functions, collections --- High-performance container datatypes, namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields, array --- Efficient arrays of numeric values, sets --- Unordered collections of unique elements, Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable, UserDict --- Class wrapper for dictionary objects, UserList --- Class wrapper for list objects, UserString --- Class wrapper for string objects, new --- Creation of runtime internal objects, copy --- Shallow and deep copy operations, numbers --- Numeric abstract base classes, Number-theoretic and representation functions, cmath --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers, Conversions to and from polar coordinates, decimal --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic, Mitigating round-off error with increased precision, random --- Generate pseudo-random numbers, itertools --- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping, functools --- Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects, operator --- Standard operators as functions, os.path --- Common pathname manipulations, fileinput --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams, statvfs --- Constants used with os.statvfs(), filecmp --- File and Directory Comparisons, tempfile --- Generate temporary files and directories, glob --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion, fnmatch --- Unix filename pattern matching, linecache --- Random access to text lines, macpath --- Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions, Pickling and unpickling normal class instances, copy_reg --- Register pickle support functions, marshal --- Internal Python object serialization, anydbm --- Generic access to DBM-style databases, whichdb --- Guess which DBM module created a database, dbhash --- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library, bsddb --- Interface to Berkeley DB library, sqlite3 --- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases, Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases, Converting SQLite values to custom Python types, Accessing columns by name instead of by index, Using the connection as a context manager, zlib --- Compression compatible with gzip, bz2 --- Compression compatible with bzip2, tarfile --- Read and write tar archive files, ConfigParser --- Configuration file parser, plistlib --- Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files, hashlib --- Secure hashes and message digests, hmac --- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication, os --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces, io --- Core tools for working with streams, argparse --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands, optparse --- Parser for command line options, Querying and manipulating your option parser, Callback example 3: check option order (generalized), Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition, getopt --- C-style parser for command line options, curses --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays, curses.textpad --- Text input widget for curses programs, curses.ascii --- Utilities for ASCII characters, curses.panel --- A panel stack extension for curses, platform --- Access to underlying platform's identifying data, ctypes --- A foreign function library for Python, Calling functions with your own custom data types, Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes), Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference), Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects, threading --- Higher-level threading interface, Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement, dummy_threading --- Drop-in replacement for the threading module, dummy_thread --- Drop-in replacement for the thread module, multiprocessing --- Process-based "threading" interface, rlcompleter --- Completion function for GNU readline, Interprocess Communication and Networking, Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module, Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3(), Replacing functions from the popen2 module, Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows, socket --- Low-level networking interface, ssl --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects, signal --- Set handlers for asynchronous events, popen2 --- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams, asynchat --- Asynchronous socket command/response handler, email --- An email and MIME handling package, email.message: Representing an email message, email.generator: Generating MIME documents, email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch, email.charset: Representing character sets, email.errors: Exception and Defect classes, mailbox --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats, mimetools --- Tools for parsing MIME messages, mimetypes --- Map filenames to MIME types, mimify --- MIME processing of mail messages, multifile --- Support for files containing distinct parts, base64 --- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings, binhex --- Encode and decode binhex4 files, binascii --- Convert between binary and ASCII, quopri --- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data, HTMLParser --- Simple HTML and XHTML parser, htmlentitydefs --- Definitions of HTML general entities, xml.etree.ElementTree --- The ElementTree XML API, xml.dom --- The Document Object Model API, xml.dom.minidom --- Minimal DOM implementation, xml.dom.pulldom --- Support for building partial DOM trees, xml.sax.handler --- Base classes for SAX handlers, xml.sax.xmlreader --- Interface for XML parsers, xml.parsers.expat --- Fast XML parsing using Expat, webbrowser --- Convenient Web-browser controller, Installing your CGI script on a Unix system, cgitb --- Traceback manager for CGI scripts, wsgiref --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation, wsgiref.util -- WSGI environment utilities, wsgiref.headers -- WSGI response header tools, wsgiref.simple_server -- a simple WSGI HTTP server, wsgiref.validate --- WSGI conformance checker, wsgiref.handlers -- server/gateway base classes, urllib --- Open arbitrary resources by URL, urllib2 --- extensible library for opening URLs, uuid --- UUID objects according to RFC 4122, SocketServer --- A framework for network servers, SimpleHTTPServer --- Simple HTTP request handler, CGIHTTPServer --- CGI-capable HTTP request handler, cookielib --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients, FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers, SimpleXMLRPCServer --- Basic XML-RPC server, DocXMLRPCServer --- Self-documenting XML-RPC server, aifc --- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files, colorsys --- Conversions between color systems, imghdr --- Determine the type of an image, ossaudiodev --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices, gettext --- Multilingual internationalization services, Internationalizing your programs and modules, Background, details, hints, tips and caveats, For extension writers and programs that embed Python, cmd --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters, Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods, Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions, Excursus about the use of compound shapes, Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions, Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen, Translation of docstrings into different languages, pydoc --- Documentation generator and online help system, doctest --- Test interactive Python examples, Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings, Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File, 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation, test --- Regression tests package for Python, Running tests using the command-line interface, test.test_support --- Utility functions for tests, hotshot --- High performance logging profiler, timeit --- Measure execution time of small code snippets, trace --- Trace or track Python statement execution, distutils --- Building and installing Python modules, ensurepip --- Bootstrapping the pip installer, sys --- System-specific parameters and functions, sysconfig --- Provide access to Python's configuration information, __main__ --- Top-level script environment, contextlib --- Utilities for with-statement contexts, traceback --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback, __future__ --- Future statement definitions, site --- Site-specific configuration hook, user --- User-specific configuration hook, fpectl --- Floating point exception control, Bastion --- Restricting access to objects, importlib -- Convenience wrappers for __import__(), zipimport --- Import modules from Zip archives, modulefinder --- Find modules used by a script, runpy --- Locating and executing Python modules, symtable --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables, symbol --- Constants used with Python parse trees, token --- Constants used with Python parse trees, tabnanny --- Detection of ambiguous indentation, py_compile --- Compile Python source files, compileall --- Byte-compile Python libraries, pickletools --- Tools for pickle developers, msilib --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files, msvcrt -- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime, winsound --- Sound-playing interface for Windows, posix --- The most common POSIX system calls, crypt --- Function to check Unix passwords, dl --- Call C functions in shared objects, fcntl --- The fcntl and ioctl system calls, posixfile --- File-like objects with locking support, nis --- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages), commands --- Utilities for running commands, ic --- Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config, MacOS --- Access to Mac OS interpreter features, macostools --- Convenience routines for file manipulation, findertools --- The finder's Apple Events interface, FrameWork --- Interactive application framework, autoGIL --- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops, Carbon.Appearance --- Appearance Manager constants, Carbon.CarbonEvt --- Carbon Event Manager, Carbon.CarbonEvents --- Carbon Event Manager constants, Carbon.Components --- Component Manager constants, Carbon.ControlAccessor --- Control Manager accssors, Carbon.Controls --- Control Manager constants, Carbon.CoreFounation --- CoreFounation constants, Carbon.CoreGraphics --- CoreGraphics constants, Carbon.Dialogs --- Dialog Manager constants, Carbon.Dragconst --- Drag and Drop Manager constants, Carbon.Events --- Event Manager constants, Carbon.Folders --- Folder Manager constants, Carbon.IBCarbon --- Carbon InterfaceBuilder, Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime --- Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants, Carbon.Icons --- Carbon Icon Manager constants, Carbon.LaunchServices --- Carbon Launch Services constants, Carbon.MacHelp --- Help Manager constants, Carbon.MediaDescr --- Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors, Carbon.OSAconst --- Carbon OSA Interface constants, Carbon.QDOffscreen --- QuickDraw Offscreen constants, Carbon.Res --- Resource Manager and Handles, Carbon.Resources --- Resource Manager and Handles constants, Carbon.Windows --- Window Manager constants, gensuitemodule --- Generate OSA stub packages, aepack --- Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers, MiniAEFrame --- Open Scripting Architecture server support, fl --- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces, flp --- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs, DEVICE --- Constants used with the gl module, sunaudiodev --- Access to Sun audio hardware, SUNAUDIODEV --- Constants used with sunaudiodev, buildtools --- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends, cfmfile --- Code Fragment Resource module, icopen --- Internet Config replacement for open(), PixMapWrapper --- Wrapper for PixMap objects, Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter, The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function, Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions, Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions, Providing a C API for an Extension Module, Adding data and methods to the Basic example, Providing finer control over data attributes, Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils, Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview, Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems, Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers, Initialization, Finalization, and Threads, Initializing and finalizing the interpreter, Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock. 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