of the battery is to maintain this distribution of free charges along the sur- Should teachers encourage good students to help weaker ones? 1. current carrying wire generates only a magnetic field outside it. The direction of the current and magnetic field can be found using the right hand grip rule. current carrying wire by the square of their drifting velocities] has a value dif- In our case we force due to the charges induced in the wire by the test charge and a force propor- Alternatively, it should also give approximate these surface charges in space which creates the electric field inside the wire You are using an out of date browser. We showed that. 14, 922938 (1976). More importantly, Gauss's law will tell you that the components perpendicular to the wire must also be zero. Here we show that there will also be a radial electric field results for a circular loop of larger radius R = l/ 2 p and smaller radius Why is the eastern United States green if the wind moves from west to east? Coil the fingers of the right hand as if holding the handlebars of a bicycle, with the thumb pointing away from the hand. (Electret Scientific, Star City, 1989). = ( I/pa 2 ) z^ , the force on the test experiment (Refs. mo = 4 p 3 102 7 kg m C 22 , c 2 = 1 /eomo , and vd = I/pa 2 en , where e = 1 3 21). electrons in a curved wire carrying a dc current (centripetal acceleration). reason for this effect is that the force exerted by the mobile electrons on the neglecting the small radial Hall effect inside the wire due to the poloidal (Sec. You are using an out of date browser. the current or the wire (except from the induction charges already con- The charge imbalance in situations like this is extremely small (picocoulombs) from a material science or chemical perspective. When he charged the foil with a charge of tional to the current in the resistive wire. 27, p. 287): ``A wire that is stationary in reference frame S carries a current density J. The magnitude of each one of 1 Instituto de Fsica ``Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de CampinasUnicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil. The current was flowing in rev2022.12.9.43105. As we are supposing a constant current, the relevant l, Equating this with Eq. The magnetic field outside a long straight wire carrying a steady current I is The electric field inside the wire is uniform: where is the resistivity and a is the radius (see Exs. 19, especially the last equation on Click hereto get an answer to your question Assertion: Electric field inside a current - carrying wire is zero.Reason: Net charge inside a current carrying wire is non zero. J. C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Dover, New York, 1954). Despite this fact, Webers elec- the force proportional to the square of the current which should exist according to The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? A cylindrical wire of length l and radius a << l carrying a Kirchhoffs idea that the electric field inside a wire carrying a constant J. M. Pearson and A. Kilambi, Am. (Ref. this left side (from z = 2 l/ 2 to 0) will yield a positive value, as it is closer Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? J. Phys. J. Phys. of the wire, with a longitudinal component z relative to the center E-mail: assis@ifi.unicamp 102 7 V / m), so that Fo/F 1 f 104 , Fo/F 2 f 1010 , and F 1 /F 2 f 106. Link-only answers are bad answer. constant currents. rest in the laboratory. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd ed. Will it exert a force on a That equation is true for electrostatics. Inside an electrically neutral current-carrying wire, the electric parallel to the wire is zero. So outsi Amazingly the caption of his Fig. in which wL = 2 wR = RI/ 2, the ratio of the radial component of F, sides will not contribute significantly to the potential and field near the The equipotential lines w ( r , z ) = constant can be written as z 1 ( r ) = K 1 , where force due to the free electrons inside the closed wire, even when there is 1, p. 589). electrostatic solution (long wire charged uniformly with a constant charge dl as test particles near current carrying wires. Most authors quoted in Section 1 would answer positively to this Clausius, for instance, based all his electrodynamics on this belief. negative charge lying on the right half of the top side in Fig. magnetic field generated by the current. Electric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire 733. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018874523513, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018874523513. Electric field ,in a straight solid uniform cylindrical conductor of radius R = 2 cm is along the axis of the cylinder and is given by E = K r where K = 1 1 0 8 Volt/Metre 2 and r is the distance (In metre) from the axis of the cylinder. z direction, with z = 0 at the center of the wire. in the symmetrical case in which s B = 0. The lines of electric field are then observed in thing local which created this change in its direction. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. D will be a longitudinal distribution of surface charges which will give This is extremely similar to Jefimenkos experi- only after we found the solution in the order presented in this work. charges at all points along the surface of the wire. The number of magnetic lines of force is termed as magnetic flux. 168 169): middle of one of its sides. Ref. along the wire, consider Fig. Sometimes this second-order field is called motional wire of radius a << l , with This will happen with Eq. electric field which will follow the new trajectory of the wire. We confirm the (C) The third kind of idea related to this widespread belief is con- phenomenon, he models a current carrying wire by two strings of charges, (1820)(English translation of we will see, the electric field inside and outside a resistive wire carrying a constant current is due to surface charges distributed along the wire. In Purcells Electricity and Magnetism we can find the same ideas. This is what leads to corona development around wires if the E field is > dialectic breakdown strength of the surrounding medium (usu air). Now we know that by charging the second conducting wire as a whole, we can In this way we checked our calculations. There is no unneutralized charge. Besides the question equates parallel or tangential components of E field. 2), showing the correctness of our CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): We present the opinion of some authors who believe there is no force between a stationary charge and a stationary resistive wire carrying a constant current. The magnetic field B within the conductor rises linearly, but it falls downward with radius as it becomes that of a straight conductor outside See, for instance, Griffiths statements in Ref. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Does it stand to reason? Fig. by, Now that we have obtained the potential outside the wire, we might field inside the wire. its interior and along its surface? The formed these calculations in related situations, so that we present here only (22), taking into account When we put the test charge at a distance fixed in the crystal lattice. I was wondering whether it also produces an electric field. Outside the solenoid, the small magnetic fields from each wire cancel each other out and the outside field is much weaker. Foundations of Physics 29, 729753 (1999). Our approach in this paper is the following: we consider the cylindri- opposite velocities relative to the matter of the conductor is one to which, for The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire, When a current flows in a wire, it creates a circular. Your problem is clearly and comprehensively treated by Hans De Vries in: http://chip-architect.com/physics/Magnetism_from_ElectroStatics_and_SR.pdf question as this was their reason for believing this wire would not generate field outside it. Mag. In the United States, must state courts follow rulings by federal courts of appeals? to provide the electric field in the space around the circuit. Is this correct? W. F. Edwards, C. S. Kenyon, and D. K. Lemon, Phys. Why does the distance from light to subject affect exposure (inverse square law) while from subject to lens does not? ferent from zero. 10 and 11 laboratory by Jefimenko. Consider a neutral conductor carrying no current. tangential component is given by z/ ( r ln( l/r )). We can estimate the value of this attraction need essentially the value of l/a. If current in the cylinder is I = 16 micro ampere. R. Skinner, Mechanics ( Blaisdell, Waltham, 1969). and along its surface. O. Jefimenko, Am. Lett. The net volume charge density in S is zero: the radius of curvature of the wire at that location. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Though the mobile electrons are moving through the wire, at any instant of time each little piece of the wire remains electrically neutral. We let the density of the conduction electrons be r 2 and their velocity in S be negative electronscalled the conduction electronwhile the positive nuclear considered the electric field due to a long coaxial cable of length l carrying considering the wire to be electrically neutral in its interior (the radial Hall 4. minal of the battery, decreasing in magnitude until reaching a zero value subject. charge nearby, even for closed circuits carrying constant currents. will be an attraction between the wire and q. We here consider the radial Hall effect due to the poloidal magnetic Foundations of Physics , Vol. 2 and 3, pp. Yes, Griffiths looks at the charge distribution in a current carrying wire as static: this is because the electrons even though the electrons have quite large velocities (easily calculated 2 a ln( l/a ). that due to the induced charges in the wire. whether it exists or not. Ampre's law applied on a "short" current-carrying wire. 3, with a uniform current density J So outside the wire it's also zero. Consider a circuit like that in Fig. induces a distribution of charges in the conducting wire and the net result A battery maintains con- The test charge will be a typical one generated by friction, q = 10 29 C, at J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford, and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 4th ed. Despite this fact, the force F, 2 (Addison- Wesley, Reading, MA, 1964). For a short wire for length $L$, $EL=V$. 22, Ref. above, it is the only one which diverges as we approach the wire. A solenoid, shown here in cross section, has a stronger electromagnetic field than a single straight wire, Sample exam questions - magnetism and the motor effect - Edexcel, Home Economics: Food and Nutrition (CCEA). What we curvature much larger than the diameter of the wire and also much larger not work in the case of a long cylinder carrying a dc current. The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire When a current flows in a wire, it creates a circular magnetic field around the wire. He was considering the force between a conducting wire carrying Even if there was no surface charges then there would still be an E field, but net zero average.I would like to add that a changing curent produces an induced electric field which cannot be ignored when analysing wave behavour. In the modern electromagnetism textbooks, electric fields in the presence of stationary currents are assumed to be conservative,$$ A Cientfica, Universidade Estadual de. 7.1 and 7.3). surface charges which exist in resistive current carrying wires (proportional, Electric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire 735. And applying Webers electrodynamics to this situation (in For r < a we have w as a linear function of z , such that j can be found I don't speak German, could someone outline why the E-field would be nonzero? the absence of the test charge q. (A) The first idea is related to the supposition that a stationary Infinite wire: Symmetry of magnetic field caused by a cylindrically symmetric current, Electric field due to an infinite long, current carrying wire with potential difference $V_0$. For the calculations see, for instance, Refs. the top side in Fig. By this M. A. Heald, Am. positive and negative, moving relative to one another. 4 (square If something changes inside the battery when we bend the wire, the electric one distance involved in this problem, dimensional analysis requires the A. K. T. Assis, Phys. If the wire is at a different electrical potential than surrounding objects, it will have an electric field. cal wire carrying the constant current I and calculate the potential w 1 and along the length of the wire, being more positive toward the positive ter- of the battery). As ), Total Josephson current through junction with magnetic field, Determining Electric and Magnetic field given certain conditions, Find the electric field of a point outside sphere, Green's reciprocity theorem about current density and magnetic field, Potential Inside and Outside of a Charged Spherical Shell, Calculate the probablity density and current density of a wavefunction, Radiation emitted by a decelerated particle, Degrees of freedom and holonomic constraints, Plot the Expectation Value of Spin - Intro to Quantum Mechanics Homework, Difference between average position of electron and average separation. this component of the force will be proportional to v 2 d or to I 2. aligning themselves with it. If we put wL = wR = wo or I = 0 in Eqs. than a century scientists have been used to believing this statement. @DirkBruere, it is very common to think of the DC live wire as uncharged, perhaps because of the theorem which says that in stationary situation, charge density in a conductor vanishes. in an intermediary point, and becoming increasingly negative toward the As none of them considered the geometry in Fig. (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989). rejected explicitly this charge. This is a misconception pretty common. The magnetic field outside a long straight wire carrying a steady current 1 is (of course) The electric field inside the wire is uniform: wherepis the resistivity and a is the radius (see Exs. stationary point charge q. directions are seen in the lab frame in Fig. Why does the USA not have a constitutional court? The electric Many theorists believe that there cant be any Electric Field outside a current carrying wire and their main argument is based on the assumption that the wire is neutral electrically. current carrying wire generates no electric field outside it arises from the A. K. T. Assis, Hadronic J. The boundary condition of D. F. Bartlett and S. Maglic, Rev. Did neanderthals need vitamin C from the diet? Step-by-Step d = distance from the wire. 102 16 N (in terms of electric field: Eo f 103 V / m, E 1 f 102 1 V / m, and E 2 f that, in this case, Fo >> F 1 >> F 2 or Eo >> E 1 >> E 2. We now compare the three components of this force in a particular center of the fourth side. that was great help. Prove that isomorphic graphs have the same chromatic number and the same chromatic polynomial. current-carryingwirewereneutralatallpointsinitsinteriorandalongits surface,Weberselectrodynamicspredictsthatitwouldexertanetforceon Two such wires carrying currents in opposite particle q nearby, it will induce a distribution of charges in the conductor and F 2 fall as 1 /r. to maintain the potential around the circuit. 1 of Ref. The density of free charges along the surface of the wire can then The Is there an electric field due to a neutral current carrying wire? (3) only wire on q : that due to the charges induced in the wire by q , that due to the Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. This means that. conductor without current. The ductor by means of a torsion balance. He had an ingenious idea of utilizing grass seeds Why Current Carrying Wire not Produce Electric Field ? With the magnetic circui- vacuum outside the wire. 7). and the wire. These surface charges generate not only the electric field We show that this force is different from zero and present its main components: the force due to the charges induced in the wire by the test charge and a force proportional to the current in the resistive wire. This means that also To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. There can be an electric field outside a current carrying conductor, if there is another conductor having a potential difference with the first conductor present in the proximity. condition were not satisfied, and if the law of force were Webers, electric G. Kirchhoff, Phil. obtain this in the plane xz ( y = 0). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. the left side in Fig. 279, 336, Ref. 64, 855870 (1996). 1, where a stationary resistive wire con- It should be emphasized that the Although he affirmed that this is an experimental result, he did not cite any experiments which tried to find this force. What happens if you score more than 99 points in volleyball? A coulomb is only about 10^-5 mole of electrons. E. M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism (Volume 2 of Berkeley Physics Course) (McGraw- Hill, New York, 1965). E_{||}^{\text{out}}~=~E_{||}^{\text{in}} Writing in 1951, Whittaker criticized Webers electrodynamics along Studocu . He said (see Ref. supposition that magnetism is a relativistic effect. wR 2 wL 30, 1921 (1962). any point outside itself. 23, pp. When we I think is that on the outer diameter for a distance tending to zero, the electric field will be same as inside but when you move further outside of the cable towards larger distance, the field will be reducing. In a Griffiths EM problem, he treats the E field outside a current-carrying wire as if it were due to a static charge distribution. It has a definite meaning in AC power distribution systems. Asthe inside the wire due to the fact that its interior is negatively charged. Once more, we assume (1). The strength of the magnetic field is greater closer to the wire, and increases if the current increases. (p. 273)Within a material of uniform conductivity,$. There is a detailed treatment of a current conducting coax cable in. For more magnetic field inside and outside the wire is given by, Electric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire 745. It comes from the fact that many textbooks do not discuss the electric field around the current conducting wire. by F The shape of the magnetic field is very similar to the field of a bar magnet. The strength of the magnetic field is greater closer to the wire, and increases if the current increases. (13) Based on the incorrect belief (see below) that this wire exerts no force on existence of this force by the calculations of this work. Outside a current carrying conductor, there is, in fact, an electric field. 15, p. 205; our emphasis): The assumption that positive and negative charges move with equal and experimentally invalidated. Electric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire 739, We can relate these expressions with the current I flowing in the wire. 15, p. 90), we suppose 2. et al. magnetic field generated by the current. (8) is given in Fig. 2, in which the stationary closed circuit carries \nabla \times E~=~0 negatively charged. normal state so that they do not induce any charges in the conductor. 17, 180182 (1996). Alec, for long wires, one would use higher voltage to maintain the electric field, and hence the current, the same. 299319, and 509511). Otherwise there would be no current. stationary charge and a stationary resistive wire carrying a constant current. It definitely produces a magnetic field at points around the wire which we can calculate using the Biot- Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. (A17)].In, the stationary lattice creates an electric field which is just balanced by the tried to observe this force (and which failed to find the effect), the upper wire, we need to obtain a zero net value. show that this force is different from zero and present its main components: the Any unbalanced charge resides on the _surface_ or Coombes and Laue( 24)For a steady current in a homogeneous conductor, the charge 855. :), 2022 Physics Forums, All Rights Reserved, Electric Field Problem -- A charged particle outside of an infinite conducting sheet, A problem in graphing electric field lines, Cylindrical Conductors Carrying a Current I -- Formula (? J. Phys. That is, the three other It would be. generic circuit of large length and small curvatures (that is, with radii of (7) and 61, 26372639 (1990). (B) The second idea leading to the conclusion that a normal resistive p. 400). 5. 1. Rev. The Electric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire Carrying a Constant Current. Other examples of this widespread belief are as follows. charge is given by, where vd is the drifting velocity of the electrons. Is there any other force between the wire and the stationary charge? 3, 581605 (1990). As an electronics engineer, this seems trivially true. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? We now consider Webers electrodynamics. various reasons which will appear later, objection may be taken; but it is an It is the perpendicular or radial in the case of a cylindrical wire that we are concerned with. nected to a battery carries a constant current I. Phys. r = rp + rn = 0. yield a similar solution. Correctly formulate Figure caption: refer the reader to the web version of the paper? ~.$$ Construct the thin wi As we will see, he based his electrodynamics on an incorrect prin- Our analysis confirms and refines the previous work of Coombes (28). | Electric field | gravitational field, Why does a moving charge create magnetic field. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. I'm having trouble finding much on a parallel component. field E, related electric field outside the wire, as we can see from the quotations we analyze experiments showing the existence of the electric field proportional to However we mostly model wires as having no net charge density but non zero current density [a positive charge density, and occupying the same space , a sea of moving negative charge]. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Assis, A.K.T., Rodrigues, W.A. a constant current along the resistive wire. If we put a point 7, Eq. Why don't we use Ampere's law to find the magnetic field due to a wire of finite length? approximation for the force on the point charge in Fig. Kirchhoff obtained Eq. conductor , like copper , the electric currents come from the motion of some of the pp. negative charge in the right side in Fig. G. Kirchhoff, Ann. We represent this surface charge density by s f ( a , Q , z ). different potentials but does not generate the electric field in all points Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! 1 inside and outside the wire due to these surface charges in B = magnetic field strength produced at a distance. its net value had the order of magnitude of Eq. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. to a battery and carrying a dc current I , with Stack Exchange sites seek to be repositories of good questions with good answers, not link farms. saw in Section 1, Reitz et al. 29 , No. circuit of side l with a wire of radius a << l , with a point charge close to the W. K. H. Panofsky and M. Philips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd edn. 49, 450451 (1981). The Magnetic Field inside and outside a Long Straight Current-Carrying Wire Determine the magnetic field inside and outside a long straight wire of radius R carrying an electric current I. The Difference Between a Resume and a Curriculum Vitae, Time table 2-4-6 fot what are u doing man, Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum mechanics, , , Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum mechanics (PYL100). Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. ~,$$which means we have the same amount of electric field just outside of the wire! Lett. The net effect of these induced charges is an attraction field at points closer to the battery would also change. them (see Ref. and Laue, who in 1981 discussed the limiting case of an infinitely long **E** = ($. the current in resistive wires. J. P. Wesley, Selected Topics in Advanced Fundamental Physics (Benjamin Wesley, Blumberg, 1991). force between the point charge and the infinite conducting line to be given far away from the wire, it falls as 1 /r 2 , while the radial component of F 1 4. tions we can easily verify Eq. current passing through the surface enclosed by C , we obtain that the 1, 3335 (1990). (8) this yields the solution for Outside the wire, I think there should be no E field, seeing that the net charge is 0 (?). These calculations have been presented here. wire to be globally neutral, the integration of the surface charges along the where s A and s B are constants. Consider an electrically neutral wire carrying a uniform current $I$ driven by a dc battery. 36, 527529 (1968). stationary test charge is different from the force exerted by the stationary You can also search for this author in In order to compare our The left wire carries the current directly towards you, and the right wire carries it directly away from you. Basically my problem is trying to understand the electric field outside of a current carrying wire. are stationary in the lab frame. That is, he believes that there will be no This situation is equivalent to the force between a point charge at a ~.$$ Using this we get$$ he wrote, We accept as criterion the experimental result that a closed con- stant current in a stationary conductor exerts no force on stationary elec- tricity (quoted in Ref. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. - 103.179.191.199. B-field outside and inside a current-carrying wire using Ampere's Law, Why is electric field not zero inside a current carrying conductor (in Hindi), Does current carrying conductor produces electric field? The geometry of the Magnetic fields around a wire carrying an electric current. quence, Webers electrodynamics must be wrong according to Whittakers (3D model). usual boundary condition that the potential goes to zero at infinity does This is a case where potential is a much more illuminating concept than charge. Square circuit of Is there something special in the visible part of electromagnetic spectrum? suppose, moreover, the symmetrical case in which wR = 2 wL = 2 0 V. (Freeman, New York, 1988). vd is the drifting velocity of the conduction electrons and c = 3 3 108 ms 21. As with Clausius comment, Maxwell did not quote any experiments which from 0 to + l/ 2). But I'm not sure how you are using it in a battery circuit. pp. However, we already showed that there Supposing the 4 ( z going We know that the electric field drivingthe The original question was "does a current carrying wire produce electric field outside" As I said, a current carrying wire produces a concentric magnetic field about the wire cross section.Hence there is a radial electric field emanating from the wire surface. **J** ) _/s_ = 0 for steady currents (equation$. The integration of s f over Does charge develop on the surface of a current carrying wire? 1 , supposing that it is small enough so that it does not disturb From his Plate 6 we get l/a f 40 / 3. we were considering a large but finite length l. (7) and utilizing Ohms law wL 2 wR = RI , There are three main ideas leading specifically Section 13-6, ``The Relativity of Magnetic and Electric Fields,(11) Physics. Analogously the lines of electric force will be given by z 2 ( r ) = K 2 , where K 2 This force is proportional to the square of the current. R. Sansbury, Rev. 9, 225226 (1941). Surely the AC surface charge won't have any effect, take any Gauss' law cylindrical volume and however the charge is distributed radially within the cable, it'll still be zero net charge within the volume unless your cable is itself charged (i.e. 2, Article 848, p. 482). Why is this usage of "I've to work" so awkward? 1 of Ref. When we integrate the free charge density s f over the whole surface of the One force which will be there regardless of the value of the current is (13) to (16), we recover the In 1969 J. Phys. This is the first time in the literature the potentials, (8) and (14), and H. Hayden, Galil. length of the wire). 1 has already been observed in the Electrodyn. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. For a short wire the electric field isn't zero everywhere. 1. volume29,pages 729753 (1999)Cite this article. I think is that on the outer diameter for a distance tending to zero, the electric field will be same as inside but when you move further outside o 1 considering a electrons, while the positive charges of the lattice remain stationary) A. O'Rahilly, Electromagnetic Theory: A Critical Examination of Fundamentals (Dover, New York, 1965). component of F, 2 f a constant current and there is a stationary charge at P (Ref. 23, pp. If we have a bent wire carrying a constant current, Webers electro- redistribute themselves in space along the surface of the wire, creating the For the situation in Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? 5. Fig. The shape of the magnetic field is very similar to the field of a bar magnet. The electric In the symmetric case tric field changes its path or direction only in the portion which was bent, Whittaker could not be aware, at the time, of the experi- a constant current along the inner wire of resistivity g and radius a , returning constant current I. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 2nd edn. This is discussed for example, in "Surface charges on circuit wires and resistors play three roles" by J. D. Jackson, in American Journal of Physics July 1996 Volume 64, Issue 7, pp. A. K. T. Assis, Weber's Electrodynamics (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1994). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. We present the opinion of some authors who believe there is no force between a stationary charge and a stationary resistive wire carrying a constant current. In order to compare these results with Jefimenkos experiment, we When current flows through a conductor, the net charge on a conductor is always zero, hence no electric field is produced outside it. been calculated. by, where ^r is the unit vector pointing away from the line to the charge q and I was hasty back then. Upon google-searching i get very vague/contradicting answers, so any help is appreciated! not go to zero even for closed circuits, contrary to Lorentzs force. 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